The Neurophysiological Basis of Learning and Memory in Advanced
... (Figures 24.4A and 24.4B), a muscarinic receptor antagonist that also blocks the synaptic potential at the neuromuscular junctions of the octopus arm.34 Hexamethonium also blocked both spontaneous and evoked spiking activity recorded from the large neuron axonal bundles (Figures 24.4B and 24.4D). As ...
... (Figures 24.4A and 24.4B), a muscarinic receptor antagonist that also blocks the synaptic potential at the neuromuscular junctions of the octopus arm.34 Hexamethonium also blocked both spontaneous and evoked spiking activity recorded from the large neuron axonal bundles (Figures 24.4B and 24.4D). As ...
Development of the Nervous System of Carinina ochracea
... brain, encircling the proboscis insertion instead of the mouth opening [10,11]. Currenly available immunohistochemical observations on nervous system development in Nemertea draw a heterogeneous and still fragmentary picture [12,13]. Detailed information on the formation and architecture of the larv ...
... brain, encircling the proboscis insertion instead of the mouth opening [10,11]. Currenly available immunohistochemical observations on nervous system development in Nemertea draw a heterogeneous and still fragmentary picture [12,13]. Detailed information on the formation and architecture of the larv ...
Behavioural Brain Research Learning processing in the basal ganglia
... innervations dispersed within a vast area of the striatum, similar to the matrisomes. The same pattern of multiple focal cortical projections with widespread terminal fields in the striatum have also been reported by other investigators [22,72]. In addition to these patchy corticostriatal projections ...
... innervations dispersed within a vast area of the striatum, similar to the matrisomes. The same pattern of multiple focal cortical projections with widespread terminal fields in the striatum have also been reported by other investigators [22,72]. In addition to these patchy corticostriatal projections ...
Comprehensive imaging of cortical networks
... These methods can dramatically improve signal levels for small structures that are on the order of or smaller than the two-photon excitation volume, such as spines and axons, but have more modest effects on images of larger structures [62]. Wave front engineering can also correct for strong local s ...
... These methods can dramatically improve signal levels for small structures that are on the order of or smaller than the two-photon excitation volume, such as spines and axons, but have more modest effects on images of larger structures [62]. Wave front engineering can also correct for strong local s ...
Neural ensemble coding and statistical periodicity: Speculations on
... 3. Statistical periodicity It is not particularly surprising, given the extensive convergence and divergence properties of the nervous system as well as the large numbers of neurons involved, that some form of population, or ensemble, coding would be important for the nervous system. If indeed popul ...
... 3. Statistical periodicity It is not particularly surprising, given the extensive convergence and divergence properties of the nervous system as well as the large numbers of neurons involved, that some form of population, or ensemble, coding would be important for the nervous system. If indeed popul ...
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
... by generating pyramidal neurons either directly through mitoses at the apical surface of the VZ, or indirectly through the production of proliferating intermediate progenitors39. In addition to the full-length radial glia, other neuron-producing precursors have been described in the VZ30,38,40,41. O ...
... by generating pyramidal neurons either directly through mitoses at the apical surface of the VZ, or indirectly through the production of proliferating intermediate progenitors39. In addition to the full-length radial glia, other neuron-producing precursors have been described in the VZ30,38,40,41. O ...
Presumed Apoptosis and Reduced Arcuate Nucleus
... TUNEL+ cells in hypoglycemic brains. A survey of sections through the entire brain showed only 2 areas in which there were cells exhibiting the TUNEL reaction (Fig. 2). The results were similar for animals subjected to either 1 or 3 bouts of hypoglycemia (Table 1) and for those given insulin by intr ...
... TUNEL+ cells in hypoglycemic brains. A survey of sections through the entire brain showed only 2 areas in which there were cells exhibiting the TUNEL reaction (Fig. 2). The results were similar for animals subjected to either 1 or 3 bouts of hypoglycemia (Table 1) and for those given insulin by intr ...
Estimating efficiency a priori - Wellcome Trust Centre for
... ferences in error variance are negligible, the relative efficiency can be predicted from the design alone. In summary, we present an event-related fMRI study of single word reading which involved acquiring data using two stimulus sequences associated with different efficiencies. We aimed to (i) show ...
... ferences in error variance are negligible, the relative efficiency can be predicted from the design alone. In summary, we present an event-related fMRI study of single word reading which involved acquiring data using two stimulus sequences associated with different efficiencies. We aimed to (i) show ...
Magnetic muscle stimulation produces fatigue without effort
... could allow useful assessment of muscle properties and their importance independent of systemic influences. To determine the fatigue properties of isolated muscles, the muscle is stimulated at a predetermined frequency, and the decline in force produced by a constant stimulus to the muscle is measur ...
... could allow useful assessment of muscle properties and their importance independent of systemic influences. To determine the fatigue properties of isolated muscles, the muscle is stimulated at a predetermined frequency, and the decline in force produced by a constant stimulus to the muscle is measur ...
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley
... through one frog heart to drip onto a second one and establishing that when the first heart was slowed by stimulating its vagus the fluid from it also slowed the second heart when that was reached. Loewi did not identify the chemical, which he called vagustoff, but it was later shown to be acetylcho ...
... through one frog heart to drip onto a second one and establishing that when the first heart was slowed by stimulating its vagus the fluid from it also slowed the second heart when that was reached. Loewi did not identify the chemical, which he called vagustoff, but it was later shown to be acetylcho ...
Localization of Glycine Neurotransmitter Transporter (GLYT2
... with western blot (Fig. 1) . The specificity of the immunocytochemical staining was verified by competition with the corresponding fusion protein . As shown in Fig. 2, addition of the fusion protein during incubation with the antibody abolished the staining of the sections . In addition, we analyzed ...
... with western blot (Fig. 1) . The specificity of the immunocytochemical staining was verified by competition with the corresponding fusion protein . As shown in Fig. 2, addition of the fusion protein during incubation with the antibody abolished the staining of the sections . In addition, we analyzed ...
6 slides per sheet
... to the differentiated state (adult neuron). 3. Neuronal induction requires specific contact between groups of cells; embryonic morphogenesis allows this to occur. 4. Positional information is created early by asymmetric distribution of molecules. These form axes (Animal/Veg, D/V, Ant/Post) that guid ...
... to the differentiated state (adult neuron). 3. Neuronal induction requires specific contact between groups of cells; embryonic morphogenesis allows this to occur. 4. Positional information is created early by asymmetric distribution of molecules. These form axes (Animal/Veg, D/V, Ant/Post) that guid ...
Neuroanatomy
... and carefully coordinates their action ,together with the relaxation of their antagonists. The cerebellum is situated in the posterior cranial fossa and is covered superiorly by the tentorium cerebelli. It is the largest part of the hindbrain and lies posterior to the 4th ventricle , the pons , and ...
... and carefully coordinates their action ,together with the relaxation of their antagonists. The cerebellum is situated in the posterior cranial fossa and is covered superiorly by the tentorium cerebelli. It is the largest part of the hindbrain and lies posterior to the 4th ventricle , the pons , and ...
Kandel ch. 42 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... They terminate as excitatory synapses on the dendrites of granule cells in the granular layer (Figure 42-4). The axons of the granule cells (the parallel fibers) travel long distances (up to one-third of the width of the cerebellar hemisphere) along the long axis of the cerebellar folia in the molec ...
... They terminate as excitatory synapses on the dendrites of granule cells in the granular layer (Figure 42-4). The axons of the granule cells (the parallel fibers) travel long distances (up to one-third of the width of the cerebellar hemisphere) along the long axis of the cerebellar folia in the molec ...
General and cell type specific mechanisms target
... in signaling pathways. We previously reported that ciliary localization of C. elegans PKD-2 is modulated by its phosphorylation status (Hu et al., 2006). Casein kinase 2 (CK2) and the TAX-6 calcineurin phosphatase regulate PKD-2 function and ciliary abundance, but not the initial targeting of PKD-2 ...
... in signaling pathways. We previously reported that ciliary localization of C. elegans PKD-2 is modulated by its phosphorylation status (Hu et al., 2006). Casein kinase 2 (CK2) and the TAX-6 calcineurin phosphatase regulate PKD-2 function and ciliary abundance, but not the initial targeting of PKD-2 ...
Hormones and Reprodu..
... This change in plasma concentration is detected by the hypothalamus, which increases the output of ADH. The ADH travels in the blood to the kidney and reduces the amount of water lost in the urine, making the urine smaller in volume and more concentrated. On the other hand if an excess of fluid is d ...
... This change in plasma concentration is detected by the hypothalamus, which increases the output of ADH. The ADH travels in the blood to the kidney and reduces the amount of water lost in the urine, making the urine smaller in volume and more concentrated. On the other hand if an excess of fluid is d ...
Interval time coding by neurons in the presupplementary and
... primates and other animals3–6. Previous studies using behavioral tasks that require the anticipation of event timing or decision making in the temporal domain, as well as the perception of elapsed time or discrimination of the duration of sensory signals, have demonstrated the importance of cortico- ...
... primates and other animals3–6. Previous studies using behavioral tasks that require the anticipation of event timing or decision making in the temporal domain, as well as the perception of elapsed time or discrimination of the duration of sensory signals, have demonstrated the importance of cortico- ...
Chapter 15
... vehicle accident. She was comatose for 4 days but is now alert but not oriented. Pt. has multiple fractures including the: left tibia, left humerus and clavicle. Extensive facial bruising. MRI showed scattered bruising of the cortex and possible brain stem involvement. The neuro exam revealed severe ...
... vehicle accident. She was comatose for 4 days but is now alert but not oriented. Pt. has multiple fractures including the: left tibia, left humerus and clavicle. Extensive facial bruising. MRI showed scattered bruising of the cortex and possible brain stem involvement. The neuro exam revealed severe ...
Molecular Basis for Induction of Ocular Dominance
... this difference in the properties of synaptic plasticity in binocularly deprived animals (Quinlan et al., 1999). The fact that presynaptic activity causes less synaptic depression when average cortical activity is reduced may account in part for why deprivation of both eyes causes less synaptic depr ...
... this difference in the properties of synaptic plasticity in binocularly deprived animals (Quinlan et al., 1999). The fact that presynaptic activity causes less synaptic depression when average cortical activity is reduced may account in part for why deprivation of both eyes causes less synaptic depr ...
Directionally Selective Complex Cells and the Computation of
... position represented in C, including an intensive component. Time-course plotted with l6-msec resolution, referred to the presentation time. (E) Same data as in D, but plotted as contours to emphasize the lack of oblique orientation in space vs time. Contour lines map out the locus of points with th ...
... position represented in C, including an intensive component. Time-course plotted with l6-msec resolution, referred to the presentation time. (E) Same data as in D, but plotted as contours to emphasize the lack of oblique orientation in space vs time. Contour lines map out the locus of points with th ...
Central nervous System Lesions Leading to Disability
... afferent fibers bifurcate and travel in rostral and caudal directions, sending off terminals at various segmental levels. The motor neurons lie in the ventral horn. Those innervating a single muscle are collectively called a motor neuron pool. The motor neuron pools are segregated into longitudinal ...
... afferent fibers bifurcate and travel in rostral and caudal directions, sending off terminals at various segmental levels. The motor neurons lie in the ventral horn. Those innervating a single muscle are collectively called a motor neuron pool. The motor neuron pools are segregated into longitudinal ...
Neuronal Migration and Ventral Subtype Identity in the
... factors [19,20] that regulate transcription through their ability to bind to specific DNA sequences via their HMG box domains [21–24]. There are 20 Sox genes in mammals, and at least half are expressed in the developing nervous system [20,24]; however, their role in neural development is poorly under ...
... factors [19,20] that regulate transcription through their ability to bind to specific DNA sequences via their HMG box domains [21–24]. There are 20 Sox genes in mammals, and at least half are expressed in the developing nervous system [20,24]; however, their role in neural development is poorly under ...
HH--Bell`s palsy - 2
... that may be involved are cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and pseudorabies. (H.H.: Adour said that Epstein-Barr was not a neurotropic virus – see page 6). The ubiquity of HSV is seen in the high exposure rates recorded in the world population. Elevated serum antibody titers to HSV-1 have been r ...
... that may be involved are cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and pseudorabies. (H.H.: Adour said that Epstein-Barr was not a neurotropic virus – see page 6). The ubiquity of HSV is seen in the high exposure rates recorded in the world population. Elevated serum antibody titers to HSV-1 have been r ...
Neuropeptide-Mediated Facilitation and Inhibition of Sensory Inputs
... used to investigate the behavioral effects of sensory modulation in mammals (see Wiesenfeld-Hallin 1995). However, in these preparations, it is difficult to obtain detailed mechanistic explanations at the cellular and synaptic levels. Conversely, although detailed cellular information was obtained w ...
... used to investigate the behavioral effects of sensory modulation in mammals (see Wiesenfeld-Hallin 1995). However, in these preparations, it is difficult to obtain detailed mechanistic explanations at the cellular and synaptic levels. Conversely, although detailed cellular information was obtained w ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.