Location and connectivity determine GABAergic interneuron survival in the brains... South Hampshire sheep with CLN6 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
... This study of regional disease related changes in the distribution of interneuron populations from 12 days to mature disease revealed a distinctive pattern of change for each calcium binding protein. Loss of neurons positive to parvalbumin from the affected cortex became apparent at four months of a ...
... This study of regional disease related changes in the distribution of interneuron populations from 12 days to mature disease revealed a distinctive pattern of change for each calcium binding protein. Loss of neurons positive to parvalbumin from the affected cortex became apparent at four months of a ...
ion channels in plants - Physiological Reviews
... the ion species involved in the different phases of the action potential. In the squid axon, facing high saline sea water, sodium ions entering the nerve cell were associated with the initial depolarization phase and potassium ion efflux to the subsequent repolarization (51, 134, 135). However, Nite ...
... the ion species involved in the different phases of the action potential. In the squid axon, facing high saline sea water, sodium ions entering the nerve cell were associated with the initial depolarization phase and potassium ion efflux to the subsequent repolarization (51, 134, 135). However, Nite ...
Sleep and metabolism: Role of hypothalamic
... anterior hypothalamus as well as GABAergic cells in the median preoptic area.2–4 These subcorticallymediated transitions are then followed by low frequency oscillations in the neocortex, which contribute to the distinctive scalp EEG patterns characteristic of sleep. There are three major groups of w ...
... anterior hypothalamus as well as GABAergic cells in the median preoptic area.2–4 These subcorticallymediated transitions are then followed by low frequency oscillations in the neocortex, which contribute to the distinctive scalp EEG patterns characteristic of sleep. There are three major groups of w ...
Gene Expression and the Control of Food Intake by Hypothalamic
... POMC is a polypeptide precursor that, once translated, is extensively modified to produce smaller, biologically-active fragments. The POMC gene consists of 3 exons covering 7.8kb in length. Although all 3 exons are transcribed, exon 1 contains only untranslated sequences, part of exon 2 codes for si ...
... POMC is a polypeptide precursor that, once translated, is extensively modified to produce smaller, biologically-active fragments. The POMC gene consists of 3 exons covering 7.8kb in length. Although all 3 exons are transcribed, exon 1 contains only untranslated sequences, part of exon 2 codes for si ...
Characterization of peripheral osmoreceptors - diss.fu
... glucose and many others. The osmolality of the ECF is a measure of the concentration of each of these substances and is defined as the number of moles of the chemical compounds in solution per kilogram of solvent. Loss or gain of systemic water or electrolytes results in changes in ECF osmolality wh ...
... glucose and many others. The osmolality of the ECF is a measure of the concentration of each of these substances and is defined as the number of moles of the chemical compounds in solution per kilogram of solvent. Loss or gain of systemic water or electrolytes results in changes in ECF osmolality wh ...
The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives
... grasps an object (e.g. food) with its right hand, left hand and the mouth [7]. It is clear that this type of neural behaviour cannot be explained in terms of movements. Additional evidence in favour of goal coding was provided by experiments in which the monkeys grasped the food with normal or inver ...
... grasps an object (e.g. food) with its right hand, left hand and the mouth [7]. It is clear that this type of neural behaviour cannot be explained in terms of movements. Additional evidence in favour of goal coding was provided by experiments in which the monkeys grasped the food with normal or inver ...
Vestibular Signals of Posterior Parietal Cortex Neurons during
... about and control and correct our own movements. Recent studies on vestibular nuclei neurons during passive and active head movements showed that vestibular signals were strongly influenced by self-generated movements as early as the first vestibular projection neurons,2–4 and furthermore neurons in ...
... about and control and correct our own movements. Recent studies on vestibular nuclei neurons during passive and active head movements showed that vestibular signals were strongly influenced by self-generated movements as early as the first vestibular projection neurons,2–4 and furthermore neurons in ...
Somatodendritic dopamine release - Philosophical Transactions of
... Pickel et al. [80] have shown that D2Rs on midbrain DA neurons cluster extrasynaptically near presumed glutamatergic synapses on DA dendrites. An alternative, or at least complementary, explanation for D2-IPSCs is that they reflect an autocrine DA signal from the recorded neuron, with dendritic rele ...
... Pickel et al. [80] have shown that D2Rs on midbrain DA neurons cluster extrasynaptically near presumed glutamatergic synapses on DA dendrites. An alternative, or at least complementary, explanation for D2-IPSCs is that they reflect an autocrine DA signal from the recorded neuron, with dendritic rele ...
Cnidarians and the evolutionary origin of the nervous system Review
... it difficult to simply compare cnidarian and bilaterian neural structures and to place the evolutionary origin of CNS as commonly discussed (Holland 2003). The idea that the rudimentary neural centralization observed in some cnidarians is an antecedent characteristic of the eumetazoan nervous system ...
... it difficult to simply compare cnidarian and bilaterian neural structures and to place the evolutionary origin of CNS as commonly discussed (Holland 2003). The idea that the rudimentary neural centralization observed in some cnidarians is an antecedent characteristic of the eumetazoan nervous system ...
Inferior Parietal Lobule Function in Spatial Perception and
... ventral temporal lobe areas thought to play an important role in memory, and prefrontal cortical areas that may be involved in motor planning. Despite the complexity of the functions and connections of the IPL, much progress has been made recently in elucidating its role in cortical functioning. In ...
... ventral temporal lobe areas thought to play an important role in memory, and prefrontal cortical areas that may be involved in motor planning. Despite the complexity of the functions and connections of the IPL, much progress has been made recently in elucidating its role in cortical functioning. In ...
Drug-Use-and-Abuse-8th-Edition-Howard-Abadinsky
... physical problems, such as small size, anemia, heart disease, hepatitis, and pneumonia, also suffer from withdrawal symptoms. ANS: heroin ...
... physical problems, such as small size, anemia, heart disease, hepatitis, and pneumonia, also suffer from withdrawal symptoms. ANS: heroin ...
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
... about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes de Prima Philosophia: In quibus Dei existentia, & animae humanae à corpore distinctio demonstratur replaced the Platonic conception of a tripartite soul with that of a unitary ...
... about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes de Prima Philosophia: In quibus Dei existentia, & animae humanae à corpore distinctio demonstratur replaced the Platonic conception of a tripartite soul with that of a unitary ...
Chapter 14 - MDC Faculty Home Pages
... ganglia, spinal cord gray horns, and brain gray matter – Each pathway is made of a chain of two or more neurons – Pathways are paired: there is a left and a right tract – Most pathways decussate: axons cross midline so brain processes information for contralateral side o Uncrossed pathways work on t ...
... ganglia, spinal cord gray horns, and brain gray matter – Each pathway is made of a chain of two or more neurons – Pathways are paired: there is a left and a right tract – Most pathways decussate: axons cross midline so brain processes information for contralateral side o Uncrossed pathways work on t ...
PDF file - Izhikevich
... neurons, each making thousands of synaptic contacts with its neighbors. Given the complexity of the connectivity inherent in cortical anatomy, efforts to describe the pattern of electrical activity in exact detail within even a highly localized population of cortical neurons would be extremely diffi ...
... neurons, each making thousands of synaptic contacts with its neighbors. Given the complexity of the connectivity inherent in cortical anatomy, efforts to describe the pattern of electrical activity in exact detail within even a highly localized population of cortical neurons would be extremely diffi ...
PDF-document - homepage.ruhr-uni
... Identifying Somatosensory-Motor Neurons We recorded single neurons in the monkey SC that exhibited significant modulation of their discharge rate during specific phases of visually guided reaches (Figure 1). A surprisingly high proportion of the SC units that modulated during the reach tasks were si ...
... Identifying Somatosensory-Motor Neurons We recorded single neurons in the monkey SC that exhibited significant modulation of their discharge rate during specific phases of visually guided reaches (Figure 1). A surprisingly high proportion of the SC units that modulated during the reach tasks were si ...
Big Myth or Major Miss? - Perceptual Science Laboratory
... understanding without being necessary for action understanding? An example from vision provides a useful analogy. Vision scientists have identified stereopsis (that fact that the two eyes respond to sli ...
... understanding without being necessary for action understanding? An example from vision provides a useful analogy. Vision scientists have identified stereopsis (that fact that the two eyes respond to sli ...
Aging of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract: a complex organ system
... sphincters play an essential role in regulating the passage of gut contents between the main functionally distinct areas of the GI tract. The wall of the GI tract is organised into three main tissue layers, although additional layers are present in some regions and species. Each of these layers is c ...
... sphincters play an essential role in regulating the passage of gut contents between the main functionally distinct areas of the GI tract. The wall of the GI tract is organised into three main tissue layers, although additional layers are present in some regions and species. Each of these layers is c ...
Physiol. Res. 49: 000
... deprived of information included in interspike intervals at the axonal initial segment. Our experiments were conducted using a computer model of the myelinated axon constructed in a software environment GENESIS (GEneral NEural SImulation System). We varied the axonal diameter, myelin sheath thicknes ...
... deprived of information included in interspike intervals at the axonal initial segment. Our experiments were conducted using a computer model of the myelinated axon constructed in a software environment GENESIS (GEneral NEural SImulation System). We varied the axonal diameter, myelin sheath thicknes ...
Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials in the Piriform Cortex
... Patil, Madhvi M. and Michael E. Hasselmo. Modulation of inhibitory synaptic potentials in the piriform cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 2103–2118, 1999. Intracellular recordings from pyramidal neurons in brain slice preparations of the piriform cortex were used to test results from a computational model ...
... Patil, Madhvi M. and Michael E. Hasselmo. Modulation of inhibitory synaptic potentials in the piriform cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 81: 2103–2118, 1999. Intracellular recordings from pyramidal neurons in brain slice preparations of the piriform cortex were used to test results from a computational model ...
Understanding Embodied Cognition through Dynamical Systems
... If we ask ourselves, what sets the human species apart in the animal kingdom, a variety of answers come to mind. The capacity to make skillful manipulatory movements, to direct action at objects, handle objects, assemble and reshape objects, is one of the possible answers. We are amazing movers, ver ...
... If we ask ourselves, what sets the human species apart in the animal kingdom, a variety of answers come to mind. The capacity to make skillful manipulatory movements, to direct action at objects, handle objects, assemble and reshape objects, is one of the possible answers. We are amazing movers, ver ...
Review Process
... Thank you for submitting your manuscript entitled 'Lysosomes and Secretory organelles fusion in mucolipidosis type 4 causes Uncontrolled Exocytosis'. I have now received reports of all three referees, which are enclosed below. As you will see, while the referees consider that your study is potential ...
... Thank you for submitting your manuscript entitled 'Lysosomes and Secretory organelles fusion in mucolipidosis type 4 causes Uncontrolled Exocytosis'. I have now received reports of all three referees, which are enclosed below. As you will see, while the referees consider that your study is potential ...
Fusion of Lysosomes with Secretory organelles leads
... Thank you for submitting your manuscript entitled 'Lysosomes and Secretory organelles fusion in mucolipidosis type 4 causes Uncontrolled Exocytosis'. I have now received reports of all three referees, which are enclosed below. As you will see, while the referees consider that your study is potential ...
... Thank you for submitting your manuscript entitled 'Lysosomes and Secretory organelles fusion in mucolipidosis type 4 causes Uncontrolled Exocytosis'. I have now received reports of all three referees, which are enclosed below. As you will see, while the referees consider that your study is potential ...
Mechanisms of excitability in the central and peripheral nervous
... Such mechanisms must differentiate between synchronized and semi synchronized synaptic input. The candidate I propose for such a mechanism is the fast outward current generated by the A-type potassium channel (KA ). Additionally, I have studied the propagation of action potentials in peripheral axon ...
... Such mechanisms must differentiate between synchronized and semi synchronized synaptic input. The candidate I propose for such a mechanism is the fast outward current generated by the A-type potassium channel (KA ). Additionally, I have studied the propagation of action potentials in peripheral axon ...
An implantable electrode design for both chronic in vivo
... 2.2. Preparation of the double hook electrodes Uncoated 20 mm thin platinum wire (Degussa-Huels AG, Frankfurt, Germany) was first insulated with a non-toxic two component silicone (Extrude† -low consistency, Kerr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany), freshly mixed and applied by hand. The consistency of the si ...
... 2.2. Preparation of the double hook electrodes Uncoated 20 mm thin platinum wire (Degussa-Huels AG, Frankfurt, Germany) was first insulated with a non-toxic two component silicone (Extrude† -low consistency, Kerr GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany), freshly mixed and applied by hand. The consistency of the si ...
Jesús Pujol Martí Neural map organization and development in the lateral-line system
... that the lateralis (lateral-line) sensory neurons display a topographic neural map. The same group shed some light on when and how this map is established. Since their pioneering work, more research groups have adopted the lateral-line system of the zebrafish as a model to study sensory neural map o ...
... that the lateralis (lateral-line) sensory neurons display a topographic neural map. The same group shed some light on when and how this map is established. Since their pioneering work, more research groups have adopted the lateral-line system of the zebrafish as a model to study sensory neural map o ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.