Pain relief produces negative reinforcement through activation of
... (i) the sensitivity of our analytical technique, (ii) the nonchronic nature of the injury, or (iii) involvement of VTA neurons that project to other sites beyond the NAc. How afferent nociceptive pathway(s) modulate the reward circuit is not known. In the rat, major ascending nociceptive pathways fr ...
... (i) the sensitivity of our analytical technique, (ii) the nonchronic nature of the injury, or (iii) involvement of VTA neurons that project to other sites beyond the NAc. How afferent nociceptive pathway(s) modulate the reward circuit is not known. In the rat, major ascending nociceptive pathways fr ...
Massive normalization of olfactory bulb output in mice with a
... supplement 2). Thus, in a go/no-go operant conditioning task, M71 transgenic mice are consistently unable to discriminate acetophenone from air. We next asked if the failure to detect acetophenone was specific for this go/no go operant conditioning task, or whether it could similarly be observed in ...
... supplement 2). Thus, in a go/no-go operant conditioning task, M71 transgenic mice are consistently unable to discriminate acetophenone from air. We next asked if the failure to detect acetophenone was specific for this go/no go operant conditioning task, or whether it could similarly be observed in ...
Two Critical and Functionally Distinct Stages of Face and Body Perception
... mechanisms that enable this ability are not well understood. Neuropsychological patients with focal brain damage and neuroimaging studies of the undamaged brain demonstrate that recognition of particular stimulus categories, such as faces and bodies, depends on dissociable regions in occipitotempora ...
... mechanisms that enable this ability are not well understood. Neuropsychological patients with focal brain damage and neuroimaging studies of the undamaged brain demonstrate that recognition of particular stimulus categories, such as faces and bodies, depends on dissociable regions in occipitotempora ...
Dense Core Vesicle Release: Controlling the Where as
... provide a very useful tool for researchers to observe peptide release from cells. In the CaMKII mutants Hoover et al. (2014) observed an increased level of DCV release compared to that in wild-type animals. The conclusion was that the reason the DCVs were missing from the motor neurons in the CaMKII ...
... provide a very useful tool for researchers to observe peptide release from cells. In the CaMKII mutants Hoover et al. (2014) observed an increased level of DCV release compared to that in wild-type animals. The conclusion was that the reason the DCVs were missing from the motor neurons in the CaMKII ...
Associative learning signals in the brain
... conditioning task where a tone was paired with an air-puff unconditioned response (McEchron and Disterhoft, 1997). This group showed that compared to the unpaired control group, hippocampal cells in the paired trace conditioning group exhibited enhanced responses to the US a full day before the first ...
... conditioning task where a tone was paired with an air-puff unconditioned response (McEchron and Disterhoft, 1997). This group showed that compared to the unpaired control group, hippocampal cells in the paired trace conditioning group exhibited enhanced responses to the US a full day before the first ...
Article - Leslie Vosshall - The Rockefeller University
... the volume of the V glomerulus, we asked whether odorevoked activity in OSNs was sufficient to produce these neuroanatomical changes. This was achieved by ectopic expression and activation of an odorant receptor tuned to cyclohexanol in Gr21a neurons. Flies that express both Or43a and Or83b in Gr21a ...
... the volume of the V glomerulus, we asked whether odorevoked activity in OSNs was sufficient to produce these neuroanatomical changes. This was achieved by ectopic expression and activation of an odorant receptor tuned to cyclohexanol in Gr21a neurons. Flies that express both Or43a and Or83b in Gr21a ...
psychology 2
... • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands; sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons – sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system): part of the ANS ...
... • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands; sensory pathway nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of sensory neurons – sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system): part of the ANS ...
The role of nitric oxide in the hypothalamic control of LHRH and
... complex constitute the hormonal sex center [32]. Interestingly, LHRH and both NOS mRNAs [44, 52] as well as NOS proteins [18, 48] were shown to be expressed in separate populations of preoptic neurons. The exceptionally high activity of NOS in the population of preoptic neurons localized in the dire ...
... complex constitute the hormonal sex center [32]. Interestingly, LHRH and both NOS mRNAs [44, 52] as well as NOS proteins [18, 48] were shown to be expressed in separate populations of preoptic neurons. The exceptionally high activity of NOS in the population of preoptic neurons localized in the dire ...
Two-photon imaging and analysis of neural network dynamics
... Henry Lütcke and Fritjof Helmchen Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland ...
... Henry Lütcke and Fritjof Helmchen Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland ...
Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy
... • Three subtypes – AMPA, kainate, NMDA • Glutamate-gated cation channels ...
... • Three subtypes – AMPA, kainate, NMDA • Glutamate-gated cation channels ...
Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and
... a three-dimensional (3-D) system. This system is constituted of two video-cameras (xc-999p, SONY), a 3-D to 2-D switching box (vrmux2p, VREX), a card and a 3-D projector (VR2100, VREX). Several different hand and mouth actions performed by the experimenter or by the monkey were recorded. Most of the ...
... a three-dimensional (3-D) system. This system is constituted of two video-cameras (xc-999p, SONY), a 3-D to 2-D switching box (vrmux2p, VREX), a card and a 3-D projector (VR2100, VREX). Several different hand and mouth actions performed by the experimenter or by the monkey were recorded. Most of the ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... nents of this nervous system hierarchy are the neocortex, the brainstem, and the spinal areas of the nervous system. The motor cord. All contribute to controlling the behaviors required to produce her artwork. regions of the frontal lobe formulate the In the same way, your hierarchically organized n ...
... nents of this nervous system hierarchy are the neocortex, the brainstem, and the spinal areas of the nervous system. The motor cord. All contribute to controlling the behaviors required to produce her artwork. regions of the frontal lobe formulate the In the same way, your hierarchically organized n ...
Neurosurgery: Functional Regeneration after Laser Axotomy
... Supplementary Figure 1: Experimental set-up for femtosecond laser axotomy. A tunable TiSapphire mode-locked laser (Coherent, “Mira 900”) produces 200 fs short pulses with a repetition rate of 76 MHz and 5 nJ energy. For axotomy, a regenerative amplifier (Positive Light, “Spitfire”) seeded by the Ti ...
... Supplementary Figure 1: Experimental set-up for femtosecond laser axotomy. A tunable TiSapphire mode-locked laser (Coherent, “Mira 900”) produces 200 fs short pulses with a repetition rate of 76 MHz and 5 nJ energy. For axotomy, a regenerative amplifier (Positive Light, “Spitfire”) seeded by the Ti ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... histogram data. Firing rate and bursting activity of VTA DA neurons for the pump-NIC groups did not differ from pump-SAL. least 5 min. Subsequently, single pulses were Numbers refers to numbers of VTA DA neurons recorded. delivered to the ILCx every 2 s at increasing intensity. At least 100 trials w ...
... histogram data. Firing rate and bursting activity of VTA DA neurons for the pump-NIC groups did not differ from pump-SAL. least 5 min. Subsequently, single pulses were Numbers refers to numbers of VTA DA neurons recorded. delivered to the ILCx every 2 s at increasing intensity. At least 100 trials w ...
Emerging roles of Axin in cerebral cortical development
... cell-matrix adhesion (Sekine et al., 2012) and subsequently shorten them to move their cell bodies to their final positions and detach from the pia to terminate migration (Dulabon et al., 2000). Notably, as the cortical plate is sufficiently thin during the early stage of cortical development, early ...
... cell-matrix adhesion (Sekine et al., 2012) and subsequently shorten them to move their cell bodies to their final positions and detach from the pia to terminate migration (Dulabon et al., 2000). Notably, as the cortical plate is sufficiently thin during the early stage of cortical development, early ...
Mirror Neurons in a New World Monkey, Common Marmoset
... ventral premotor cortex (PMv), where mirror neurons have been reported in macaques, is difficult to identify in marmosets, since no sulcal landmarks exist in the frontal cortex. We addressed this problem using “in vivo” connection imaging methods. That is, we first identified cells responsive to oth ...
... ventral premotor cortex (PMv), where mirror neurons have been reported in macaques, is difficult to identify in marmosets, since no sulcal landmarks exist in the frontal cortex. We addressed this problem using “in vivo” connection imaging methods. That is, we first identified cells responsive to oth ...
Different Stimuli, Different Spatial Codes: A Visual Map and an
... Figure 4. ‘‘Point image’’ of auditory activity in comparison to visual activity as a function of target location. For each neuron, we calculated the activity for a given target location, modality, or response period as a proportion of the peak firing rate observed for any target location, modality, ...
... Figure 4. ‘‘Point image’’ of auditory activity in comparison to visual activity as a function of target location. For each neuron, we calculated the activity for a given target location, modality, or response period as a proportion of the peak firing rate observed for any target location, modality, ...
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... a single phagocytic cell or by many such cells? This question arises in light of the following facts: In the ischemic penumbra, where neurons die compacted in a disseminated fashion, the neuropil is still tight with narrow and complicated extracellular spaces, and the blood– brain barrier is not bro ...
... a single phagocytic cell or by many such cells? This question arises in light of the following facts: In the ischemic penumbra, where neurons die compacted in a disseminated fashion, the neuropil is still tight with narrow and complicated extracellular spaces, and the blood– brain barrier is not bro ...
Aggregate Input-Output Models of Neuronal Populations
... order statistics such as cross-correlation and coherence measures are often used to gauge the relationship between the spiking activity of pairs of neurons [4], [5]. However, these are limited measures that provide snapshots of interactions between individual neurons from different regions. They she ...
... order statistics such as cross-correlation and coherence measures are often used to gauge the relationship between the spiking activity of pairs of neurons [4], [5]. However, these are limited measures that provide snapshots of interactions between individual neurons from different regions. They she ...
A quantitative description of the mouse piriform cortex
... This model requires 3 quantities before one can use it to develop theories of olfaction: the number of glomeruli, the number of neurons, and the strength of synaptic connection between any glomerulus ‘i’ and neuron ‘j’, i.e. the entry (i,j) in the connection matrix. The number of glomeruli is alread ...
... This model requires 3 quantities before one can use it to develop theories of olfaction: the number of glomeruli, the number of neurons, and the strength of synaptic connection between any glomerulus ‘i’ and neuron ‘j’, i.e. the entry (i,j) in the connection matrix. The number of glomeruli is alread ...
Anatomy and Physiology of Smell
... of the posterosuperior nose Covers roughly 1 cm² on each side Neuroepithelium is pseudostratified columnar epithelium Neurons exposed to the outside world through their dendrites and cilia Axons of these neurons synapse at the base of the brain in the olfactory bulb As least six morphologically and ...
... of the posterosuperior nose Covers roughly 1 cm² on each side Neuroepithelium is pseudostratified columnar epithelium Neurons exposed to the outside world through their dendrites and cilia Axons of these neurons synapse at the base of the brain in the olfactory bulb As least six morphologically and ...
Viewpoint Synaptic Connectivity and Neuronal Morphology: Two
... A shortcoming of the axons-only network is that each axon has to make its way to every cell body. Since all the signals received by a neuron are merged in the cell body, the same functionality can be achieved by a single process reaching out in the direction of axons and meeting them halfway (Chklov ...
... A shortcoming of the axons-only network is that each axon has to make its way to every cell body. Since all the signals received by a neuron are merged in the cell body, the same functionality can be achieved by a single process reaching out in the direction of axons and meeting them halfway (Chklov ...
Neurons of human nucleus accumbens
... nucleus accumbens 12, 13. Our finding of type IV, multipolar neuron (Figures 11 and 12), corresponds to medium spiny neurons described by other authors. Medium spiny neurons consist of 2–6 primary dendrites, different thickness, with dense spines on secondary and third dendrite branches 14–17. We co ...
... nucleus accumbens 12, 13. Our finding of type IV, multipolar neuron (Figures 11 and 12), corresponds to medium spiny neurons described by other authors. Medium spiny neurons consist of 2–6 primary dendrites, different thickness, with dense spines on secondary and third dendrite branches 14–17. We co ...
Stretch reflexes. (Final).
... Signals sent to a whole muscle (like the biceps) causing it to contract, travel from the spinal cord through alpha motor neurons. When this occurs, only extrafusal muscle fibers would contract. Meanwhile, the intrafusal muscle fibers within the muscle spindles would go slack and information from the ...
... Signals sent to a whole muscle (like the biceps) causing it to contract, travel from the spinal cord through alpha motor neurons. When this occurs, only extrafusal muscle fibers would contract. Meanwhile, the intrafusal muscle fibers within the muscle spindles would go slack and information from the ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.