D2 receptor overexpression in the striatum leads to a deficit in
... the resting membrane potential (−71.2 ± 2.28 mV in D2R-OE vs. −64.1 ± 1.97 mV in control, n = 10, P = 0.07) showed a trend for a more negative potential in D2R-OE mice, indicating a possible change in potassium channels. The spike numbers induced by step current injection in layer V pyramidal neuron ...
... the resting membrane potential (−71.2 ± 2.28 mV in D2R-OE vs. −64.1 ± 1.97 mV in control, n = 10, P = 0.07) showed a trend for a more negative potential in D2R-OE mice, indicating a possible change in potassium channels. The spike numbers induced by step current injection in layer V pyramidal neuron ...
Mechanisms of Visual Attention in the Human Cortex
... studies, subjects were presented with images of colorful, complex stimuli in four nearby locations of the upper right quadrant of the visual field while they maintained fixation. Fixation was ensured by having subjects count occurrences of the letter T or L at fixation, an attentionally demanding ta ...
... studies, subjects were presented with images of colorful, complex stimuli in four nearby locations of the upper right quadrant of the visual field while they maintained fixation. Fixation was ensured by having subjects count occurrences of the letter T or L at fixation, an attentionally demanding ta ...
of 17 Keywords A-waves Sometimes called Axon
... Elements that do not allow electrons to readily pass. Opposite of conductor. Air is the best insulator. ...
... Elements that do not allow electrons to readily pass. Opposite of conductor. Air is the best insulator. ...
O 2
... unloading 卸下 from Hb in respiring tissues and O2 loading 裝載 in the lungs, both of which increase the efficiency of O2 exchange at and transport to the tissues that need it 2,3-DPG (2,3-diphosphoglycerate) is produced in erythrocytes from an intermediate compound 中間物 in anaerobic 無氧呼吸 glycolysis 醣解 ...
... unloading 卸下 from Hb in respiring tissues and O2 loading 裝載 in the lungs, both of which increase the efficiency of O2 exchange at and transport to the tissues that need it 2,3-DPG (2,3-diphosphoglycerate) is produced in erythrocytes from an intermediate compound 中間物 in anaerobic 無氧呼吸 glycolysis 醣解 ...
Eps homology domain endosomal transport proteins differentially
... share a central coiled-coil and an N-terminal phosphate binding loop (P-loop) [3,5]. These proteins are products of gene duplication, are encoded on separate chromosomes, and have differential expression profiles in various tissues [3,4,6-8]. In adult tissues, EHD1 is expressed in germ cells, adipoc ...
... share a central coiled-coil and an N-terminal phosphate binding loop (P-loop) [3,5]. These proteins are products of gene duplication, are encoded on separate chromosomes, and have differential expression profiles in various tissues [3,4,6-8]. In adult tissues, EHD1 is expressed in germ cells, adipoc ...
Meaningful auditory information enhances perception of visual
... uncorrelated) auditory information is provided to subjects performing a visual search task. This confirms that synchrony between auditory and visual events cannot only improve visual performance (Dalton & Spence, 2007; Vroomen & de Gelder, 2000) but also affect visual perception phenomenologically. ...
... uncorrelated) auditory information is provided to subjects performing a visual search task. This confirms that synchrony between auditory and visual events cannot only improve visual performance (Dalton & Spence, 2007; Vroomen & de Gelder, 2000) but also affect visual perception phenomenologically. ...
PDF file
... supervise motor nodes in the last layer. For example, a human teacher can hold a child’s hand (motor) to teach him how to write, but the teacher is not allowed to directly wire into the child’s brain. This inaccessibility of the brain is a major challenge for autonomous mental development. Some netw ...
... supervise motor nodes in the last layer. For example, a human teacher can hold a child’s hand (motor) to teach him how to write, but the teacher is not allowed to directly wire into the child’s brain. This inaccessibility of the brain is a major challenge for autonomous mental development. Some netw ...
lmmunocytochemical Mapping of 18236, A Brain
... have generally begun with comparative analysis of its chemical or functional differences with cells of other organ systems, Likewise, attempts to clarify the uniquely complex structural organization of the brain were first approached through empirically derived cell staining methods supplemented lat ...
... have generally begun with comparative analysis of its chemical or functional differences with cells of other organ systems, Likewise, attempts to clarify the uniquely complex structural organization of the brain were first approached through empirically derived cell staining methods supplemented lat ...
50 Emotional States and Feelings
... Based on this idea, James and the Danish psychologist Carl Lange proposed an alternative hypothesis: The feeling state, the conscious experience of emotion, occurs after the cortex receives signals about changes in our physiological state. Feelings are preceded by certain physiological changes—an in ...
... Based on this idea, James and the Danish psychologist Carl Lange proposed an alternative hypothesis: The feeling state, the conscious experience of emotion, occurs after the cortex receives signals about changes in our physiological state. Feelings are preceded by certain physiological changes—an in ...
Document
... Research now looks at how natural opioids are produced by the brain, the pituitary gland, and other tissues in response to pain,stress, or other ...
... Research now looks at how natural opioids are produced by the brain, the pituitary gland, and other tissues in response to pain,stress, or other ...
Toward Nanometer-Scale Sensing System
... parallel molecular sensing. The sensory signals so generated are identified by the brain using a spatio-temporal coding scheme. In this way the olfactory system recognizes, with great accuracy and sensitivity, a broad range of chemical stimuli. The principles of olfaction have been applied to develo ...
... parallel molecular sensing. The sensory signals so generated are identified by the brain using a spatio-temporal coding scheme. In this way the olfactory system recognizes, with great accuracy and sensitivity, a broad range of chemical stimuli. The principles of olfaction have been applied to develo ...
NG2 cells response to axonal alteration in the spinal cord white
... characterized by multi-branched processes and small cell bodies, are the 4th commonest cell population of non-neuronal cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). They can interact with nodes of Ranvier, receive synaptic input, generate action potential and respond to some pathological stimuli, b ...
... characterized by multi-branched processes and small cell bodies, are the 4th commonest cell population of non-neuronal cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). They can interact with nodes of Ranvier, receive synaptic input, generate action potential and respond to some pathological stimuli, b ...
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by
... FIGURE 1. Cholinergic, orexinergic, and other neurons involved in sleep–wake state control. Sagittal schematic view of the rat brain depicting neurons with their chemical neurotransmitters and pathways by which they influence cortical activity or behavior across the sleep–wake cycle. Wake (W) is cha ...
... FIGURE 1. Cholinergic, orexinergic, and other neurons involved in sleep–wake state control. Sagittal schematic view of the rat brain depicting neurons with their chemical neurotransmitters and pathways by which they influence cortical activity or behavior across the sleep–wake cycle. Wake (W) is cha ...
A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection
... large striatal neuron population to its smaller efferent nuclei (Oorschot, 1996), we used large striatal connection weights to emulate the effect of the massive striatal convergence on its target neurons. Internucleus and intranucleus connectivity was defined stochastically. For most internucleus co ...
... large striatal neuron population to its smaller efferent nuclei (Oorschot, 1996), we used large striatal connection weights to emulate the effect of the massive striatal convergence on its target neurons. Internucleus and intranucleus connectivity was defined stochastically. For most internucleus co ...
Meninges,Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the spinal cord
... Ascending pathways Two pathways transmit somatosensory information to the sensory cortex via the thalamus ...
... Ascending pathways Two pathways transmit somatosensory information to the sensory cortex via the thalamus ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... the magnitude of rewards (amygdala57) or distinguish between rewards and punishers (orbitofrontal cortex58). Neurons that detect rewards are more common in the ventral striatum than in the caudate nucleus and putamen40. Reward-discriminating neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and the secondary tast ...
... the magnitude of rewards (amygdala57) or distinguish between rewards and punishers (orbitofrontal cortex58). Neurons that detect rewards are more common in the ventral striatum than in the caudate nucleus and putamen40. Reward-discriminating neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and the secondary tast ...
detailed lecture outline
... Most of your body weight is water. Water accounts for up to 99 percent of the volume of the fluid outside cells, and it is an essential ingredient of cytoplasm. All of a cell’s operations rely on water as a diffusion medium for the distribution of gases, nutrients, and waste products. If the water c ...
... Most of your body weight is water. Water accounts for up to 99 percent of the volume of the fluid outside cells, and it is an essential ingredient of cytoplasm. All of a cell’s operations rely on water as a diffusion medium for the distribution of gases, nutrients, and waste products. If the water c ...
The Cat is Out of the Bag: Cortical Simulations with 109 Neurons
... The computational building block of the brain is the neuron, a cell specialized to continuously integrate inputs and to generate signals based on the outcome of this integration process. The term neuron was coined by Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz in 1891 to capture the discrete infor ...
... The computational building block of the brain is the neuron, a cell specialized to continuously integrate inputs and to generate signals based on the outcome of this integration process. The term neuron was coined by Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz in 1891 to capture the discrete infor ...
Pre-synaptic Terminal Dynamics in the Hippocampus
... There are several types of structural changes associated to various forms of activity-dependent alterations in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Early examples come from studies of sensory deprivation during critical periods of postnatal development. In kittens, using monocular deprivation Hubel a ...
... There are several types of structural changes associated to various forms of activity-dependent alterations in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Early examples come from studies of sensory deprivation during critical periods of postnatal development. In kittens, using monocular deprivation Hubel a ...
Huffman PowerPoint Slides
... • Photoreceptors are light sensitive cells found within the retina – Rods are sensitive to light but not color, are active under low-light conditions – Cones are sensitive to color, are not active in low-light conditions, allow for fine detail – Rods and cones use different photopigments that react ...
... • Photoreceptors are light sensitive cells found within the retina – Rods are sensitive to light but not color, are active under low-light conditions – Cones are sensitive to color, are not active in low-light conditions, allow for fine detail – Rods and cones use different photopigments that react ...
Bayesian Computation in Recurrent Neural Circuits
... Additional support for Bayesian models comes from recent neurophysiological and psychophysical studies on visual decision making. Carpenter and colleagues have shown that the reaction time distribution of human subjects making eye movements to one of two targets is well explained by a model computin ...
... Additional support for Bayesian models comes from recent neurophysiological and psychophysical studies on visual decision making. Carpenter and colleagues have shown that the reaction time distribution of human subjects making eye movements to one of two targets is well explained by a model computin ...
The human medial geniculate body
... parts (for example, the medial division) contain neurons with much broader, often polysensory tuning curves, and an unknown number of representations of the basilar membrane [l]. Moreover. the pattern of brain stem input to these divisions is different [4,42]. Thus, not all parts of the medial genic ...
... parts (for example, the medial division) contain neurons with much broader, often polysensory tuning curves, and an unknown number of representations of the basilar membrane [l]. Moreover. the pattern of brain stem input to these divisions is different [4,42]. Thus, not all parts of the medial genic ...
Mechanisms of Maximum Information Preservation in the Drosophila
... In this section, we describe the construction of a network model of the Drosophila antennal lobe (Fig. 1 (B)). There are three types of neurons in the Drosophila antennal lobe: ORNs, PNs, and LNs. We assume that these neurons fire according to a Poisson process with a time-independent firing rate fo ...
... In this section, we describe the construction of a network model of the Drosophila antennal lobe (Fig. 1 (B)). There are three types of neurons in the Drosophila antennal lobe: ORNs, PNs, and LNs. We assume that these neurons fire according to a Poisson process with a time-independent firing rate fo ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.