The dual nature of time preparation: neural
... less than 5% and (ii) the coefficient of variation of RT (standard deviation divided by the mean) was at most 0.15. No TMS was delivered during the training session; however, EMG was recorded in order to estimate the voluntary EMG onset latency of the individual distributions (see Burle et al., 2002) ...
... less than 5% and (ii) the coefficient of variation of RT (standard deviation divided by the mean) was at most 0.15. No TMS was delivered during the training session; however, EMG was recorded in order to estimate the voluntary EMG onset latency of the individual distributions (see Burle et al., 2002) ...
Nerve Growth Factor and Alzheimer`s Disease
... combination with sortilin, a type I transmembrane protein. ProNGF binds to p75-sortilin complex with high affinity. Namely, precursor domain binds to p75 and mature domain, to sortilin.19 Thus, the paradigm on NGF signaling has changed greatly over the past decade. 3.2 Physiology of NGF precursor (p ...
... combination with sortilin, a type I transmembrane protein. ProNGF binds to p75-sortilin complex with high affinity. Namely, precursor domain binds to p75 and mature domain, to sortilin.19 Thus, the paradigm on NGF signaling has changed greatly over the past decade. 3.2 Physiology of NGF precursor (p ...
Broken Mirrors: A Theory of Autism
... also requires a remapping of sorts between brain areas. To imitate the mother’s or father’s words, the child’s brain must transform auditory signals in the hearing centers of the brain’s temporal lobes into verbal output from the motor cortex. Whether mirror neurons are directly involved in this ski ...
... also requires a remapping of sorts between brain areas. To imitate the mother’s or father’s words, the child’s brain must transform auditory signals in the hearing centers of the brain’s temporal lobes into verbal output from the motor cortex. Whether mirror neurons are directly involved in this ski ...
Rewardguided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus
... contingencies are directly manipulated, the content of learning is revealed: e.g. in autoshaping, a Pavlovian CR ‘disguised’ as an instrumental action is disrupted by manipulations of the Pavlovian rather than the instrumental contingency (Schwartz & Gamzu, 1977). Goal-directed instrumental actions ...
... contingencies are directly manipulated, the content of learning is revealed: e.g. in autoshaping, a Pavlovian CR ‘disguised’ as an instrumental action is disrupted by manipulations of the Pavlovian rather than the instrumental contingency (Schwartz & Gamzu, 1977). Goal-directed instrumental actions ...
Changes in the inner and outer retinal layers after acute increase of
... calbindin or synaptophysin. The synaptic ribbons were identified using an antibody against the protein bassoon, which labels photoreceptor ribbons and nuclei were identified using TO-PRO. Laser photocoagulation of the perilimbar and episcleral veins of the left eye resulted in an increase in mean intr ...
... calbindin or synaptophysin. The synaptic ribbons were identified using an antibody against the protein bassoon, which labels photoreceptor ribbons and nuclei were identified using TO-PRO. Laser photocoagulation of the perilimbar and episcleral veins of the left eye resulted in an increase in mean intr ...
The role of neuronal synchronization in selective attention
... change had occurred. This finding suggests that the processing or the signalling of a sensory change is more efficient when it is handled by an area that is engaged in enhanced gamma-band synchronization [6]. Importantly, the influence of local synchronization of behavioural responses was spatiall ...
... change had occurred. This finding suggests that the processing or the signalling of a sensory change is more efficient when it is handled by an area that is engaged in enhanced gamma-band synchronization [6]. Importantly, the influence of local synchronization of behavioural responses was spatiall ...
Selectivity and Tolerance - Center for Neural Science
... original image and then generates a scrambled image by repeatedly forcing a new image (initially filled with Gaussian white noise) to match these parameters. The parameters are all obtained by averaging local measurements across all spatial positions within the original image and are thus altogether ...
... original image and then generates a scrambled image by repeatedly forcing a new image (initially filled with Gaussian white noise) to match these parameters. The parameters are all obtained by averaging local measurements across all spatial positions within the original image and are thus altogether ...
specification of synaptic connections mediating the simple stretch
... As mentioned earlier, in some parts of the central nervous system patterned neural activity plays an important part in refining the initial set of synaptic connections. In the visual system, for example, ocular dominance, orientation specificity and the precision of the retino-tectal map all depend ...
... As mentioned earlier, in some parts of the central nervous system patterned neural activity plays an important part in refining the initial set of synaptic connections. In the visual system, for example, ocular dominance, orientation specificity and the precision of the retino-tectal map all depend ...
Selectivity and Tolerance - Penn Arts and Sciences
... original image and then generates a scrambled image by repeatedly forcing a new image (initially filled with Gaussian white noise) to match these parameters. The parameters are all obtained by averaging local measurements across all spatial positions within the original image and are thus altogether ...
... original image and then generates a scrambled image by repeatedly forcing a new image (initially filled with Gaussian white noise) to match these parameters. The parameters are all obtained by averaging local measurements across all spatial positions within the original image and are thus altogether ...
Leech Heart CPG
... are called the elemental oscillator (Fig 4, C). The HN(4) neurons are also considered as an elemental or half-center oscillator. Each single neuron of an elemental oscillator is called as oscillator neuron. Each oscillator neuron also makes a reciprocally inhibitory synapse unto the ipsilateral inti ...
... are called the elemental oscillator (Fig 4, C). The HN(4) neurons are also considered as an elemental or half-center oscillator. Each single neuron of an elemental oscillator is called as oscillator neuron. Each oscillator neuron also makes a reciprocally inhibitory synapse unto the ipsilateral inti ...
Exercise Physiology - Anderson Training Systems
... Blood flow increases in proportion to the intensity of exercise but the blood flow patterns change rather markedly. Blood is redirected, away from areas where it is not essential, to areas that are active during the exercise. Only 15 to 20 percent of resting cardiac output goes to muscle. During exh ...
... Blood flow increases in proportion to the intensity of exercise but the blood flow patterns change rather markedly. Blood is redirected, away from areas where it is not essential, to areas that are active during the exercise. Only 15 to 20 percent of resting cardiac output goes to muscle. During exh ...
1 FORM W KEY deducted if you fail to do this!!!!!!
... a) During exercise blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate increase and more urine is produced b) During exercise the parasympathetic causes vasoconstriction of the affarent arterioles to reduce glomerular filtration rate and therefore reduce urine production c) During exercise the parasympath ...
... a) During exercise blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate increase and more urine is produced b) During exercise the parasympathetic causes vasoconstriction of the affarent arterioles to reduce glomerular filtration rate and therefore reduce urine production c) During exercise the parasympath ...
pdf file. - Harvard Vision Lab
... discharge in other sensory systems. The dominant hypothesis of how we perceive visual stability is that advance warning of saccades is sent to the visual system (Supplementary Fig. S1a, b)7–9. The only known pathway for saccadic corollary discharge innervates the cortical frontal eye field (FEF)10–1 ...
... discharge in other sensory systems. The dominant hypothesis of how we perceive visual stability is that advance warning of saccades is sent to the visual system (Supplementary Fig. S1a, b)7–9. The only known pathway for saccadic corollary discharge innervates the cortical frontal eye field (FEF)10–1 ...
Neural Correlates of Object-Associated Choice Behavior
... The perirhinal cortex (PRC) is reportedly important for object recognition memory, with supporting physiological evidence obtained largely from primate studies. Whether neurons in the rodent PRC also exhibit similar physiological correlates of object recognition, however, remains to be determined. W ...
... The perirhinal cortex (PRC) is reportedly important for object recognition memory, with supporting physiological evidence obtained largely from primate studies. Whether neurons in the rodent PRC also exhibit similar physiological correlates of object recognition, however, remains to be determined. W ...
Somatic motor pathways
... this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for hi ...
... this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for hi ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... which we can observe our own arm and hand reach and grasp for objects surrounding us. Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early in human development, adults tend to imitate the ...
... which we can observe our own arm and hand reach and grasp for objects surrounding us. Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early in human development, adults tend to imitate the ...
Neuronal sources of hedgehog modulate neurogenesis in the adult
... nkx2.1 and arx were originally cloned and isolated during an RNAi screen aimed at identifying planarian transcription factors with potential roles in neuronal specification. A unique behavioral defect was observed in all nkx2.1(RNAi) animals, characterized by tonic muscular contractions that bend th ...
... nkx2.1 and arx were originally cloned and isolated during an RNAi screen aimed at identifying planarian transcription factors with potential roles in neuronal specification. A unique behavioral defect was observed in all nkx2.1(RNAi) animals, characterized by tonic muscular contractions that bend th ...
Smelling on the fly: sensory cues and strategies for olfactory
... be easily depleted [31]. In addition, high odor concentrations tend to drive more activity in GABAergic interneurons [35], which further decreases the gain of ORNto-PN synapses [36,37]. GABAergic inhibition tends to prevent saturation of PN firing rates, and helps ensure that even intense stimuli re ...
... be easily depleted [31]. In addition, high odor concentrations tend to drive more activity in GABAergic interneurons [35], which further decreases the gain of ORNto-PN synapses [36,37]. GABAergic inhibition tends to prevent saturation of PN firing rates, and helps ensure that even intense stimuli re ...
SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through
... Thus, in brainstem as in spinal cord, IaPSNs axons grow to the vicinity of their target, but fail to form terminal branches. Second, we used DiI to label central projections of trigeminal sensory neurons that innervate whiskers. These axons grow to the brainstem where they arborize in nuclei of the ...
... Thus, in brainstem as in spinal cord, IaPSNs axons grow to the vicinity of their target, but fail to form terminal branches. Second, we used DiI to label central projections of trigeminal sensory neurons that innervate whiskers. These axons grow to the brainstem where they arborize in nuclei of the ...
peripheral neuropathy
... distal, proximal or diffuse. In addition, nerve conduction studies can provide information on the modality involved, i.e. motor versus sensory, and can also give clues as to the underlying pathology, whether axonal or demyelinating. Demyelinating neuropathies (neuropathies due to loss or destruction ...
... distal, proximal or diffuse. In addition, nerve conduction studies can provide information on the modality involved, i.e. motor versus sensory, and can also give clues as to the underlying pathology, whether axonal or demyelinating. Demyelinating neuropathies (neuropathies due to loss or destruction ...
Propagation of cortical synfire activity: survival probability in single
... If all neurons in the ®rst group are activated synchronously, they will cause the neurons of the second group to ®re synchronously and so on. Thus, each activated group will pass a spike volley on to the next group. This process will continue, until either the chain comes to an end, or other (e.g. i ...
... If all neurons in the ®rst group are activated synchronously, they will cause the neurons of the second group to ®re synchronously and so on. Thus, each activated group will pass a spike volley on to the next group. This process will continue, until either the chain comes to an end, or other (e.g. i ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.