Glial heterogeneity: the increasing complexity of the brain
... motor coordination. While excitatory and inhibitory neurons are the main relay stations for the input, processing and output of electrical signals, the macroglial cells execute quite different tasks. Astrocytes are polarized cells that represent a bridge between blood vessels and neurons. They take ...
... motor coordination. While excitatory and inhibitory neurons are the main relay stations for the input, processing and output of electrical signals, the macroglial cells execute quite different tasks. Astrocytes are polarized cells that represent a bridge between blood vessels and neurons. They take ...
2011 - Università degli studi di Pavia
... and Santiago Ramón Y Cayal, both Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1906 (Golgi, 1967; Ramón y Cajal, 1967), raised fundamental issues about the structure–function relationship in neuronal circuits. How do neurons contact each other? What are the precise numerical and topological relationshi ...
... and Santiago Ramón Y Cayal, both Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1906 (Golgi, 1967; Ramón y Cajal, 1967), raised fundamental issues about the structure–function relationship in neuronal circuits. How do neurons contact each other? What are the precise numerical and topological relationshi ...
Morphology and Physiology of the Cerebellar Vestibulolateral Lobe
... ingly, the first objective of this study was to document the presence of Purkinje cells in the goldfish vestibulolateral lobe by recording their signature mossy and climbing fiber responses and visualizing a typical somadendritic morphology including axonal projections to the octaval nuclei (Highste ...
... ingly, the first objective of this study was to document the presence of Purkinje cells in the goldfish vestibulolateral lobe by recording their signature mossy and climbing fiber responses and visualizing a typical somadendritic morphology including axonal projections to the octaval nuclei (Highste ...
Dopamine-Independent Locomotion Following Blockade of N
... variety of neurotransmitter receptors in the VTA elicits a motor stimulant response, including -opioid, neurotensin, Substance P, ionotropic glutamate (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate subtypes), and GABAA receptors (for review, see Kalivas, 1993). In all instances, the motor stimulant response has been sho ...
... variety of neurotransmitter receptors in the VTA elicits a motor stimulant response, including -opioid, neurotensin, Substance P, ionotropic glutamate (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate subtypes), and GABAA receptors (for review, see Kalivas, 1993). In all instances, the motor stimulant response has been sho ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... which we can observe our own arm and hand reach and grasp for objects surrounding us. Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early in human development, adults tend to imitate the ...
... which we can observe our own arm and hand reach and grasp for objects surrounding us. Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early in human development, adults tend to imitate the ...
Summary - Academia Sinica
... the experiments. And I want to extend my gratitude to senior colleagues Wei-Pang, Jiun-Hsian, Yung-Hui and ...
... the experiments. And I want to extend my gratitude to senior colleagues Wei-Pang, Jiun-Hsian, Yung-Hui and ...
HSAN I - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... myelinated fibers in cutaneous nerves, esp. sural); degenerative process begins in utero or in infancy. mutilations are more severe than in HSAN I: 1) begin earlier when patients cannot understand problem and cooperate. 2) hands are also seriously affected. loss of sweating over acral parts (but ...
... myelinated fibers in cutaneous nerves, esp. sural); degenerative process begins in utero or in infancy. mutilations are more severe than in HSAN I: 1) begin earlier when patients cannot understand problem and cooperate. 2) hands are also seriously affected. loss of sweating over acral parts (but ...
... of human emotions. To do so we pose the question of how we can construct biologically plausible embodied models of emotions. The motivation to ask this question is based on our strong belief that we can understand the nature of emotions by building situated models of them. We do this by equipping ag ...
The Rat Ventromedial Thalamic Nucleus and Motor Control: Role of
... substantia nigra. In addition, the superior colliculus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, and the reticular thalamic nucleus contribute to the afferent input to the VM (Beckstead et al., 1979; Carter and Fibiger, 1978; Haroian et al., 198 1; Herkenham, 1979; Jones, 1975). In contrast to the pri ...
... substantia nigra. In addition, the superior colliculus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, and the reticular thalamic nucleus contribute to the afferent input to the VM (Beckstead et al., 1979; Carter and Fibiger, 1978; Haroian et al., 198 1; Herkenham, 1979; Jones, 1975). In contrast to the pri ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... which we can observe our own arm and hand reach and grasp for objects surrounding us. Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early in human development, adults tend to imitate the ...
... which we can observe our own arm and hand reach and grasp for objects surrounding us. Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early in human development, adults tend to imitate the ...
Using calcium imaging to understand function and learning in L2/3
... important in learning, I developed a novel type of brain-‐machine interface (BMI) based on calcium imaging in the intact cortex. In this BMI task, the mouse learned to use voluntary modulations of ...
... important in learning, I developed a novel type of brain-‐machine interface (BMI) based on calcium imaging in the intact cortex. In this BMI task, the mouse learned to use voluntary modulations of ...
Presentation Slides
... • Anxiety – behavioural state arising in anticipation of potential threat ...
... • Anxiety – behavioural state arising in anticipation of potential threat ...
3 Behavioral Neuroscience - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... Beginning in the 1970s, psychology has seen the growth of behavioral genetics, which studies how heredity affects behavior. Research in behavioral genetics has found evidence of a hereditary basis for characteristics as diverse as divorce (Jocklin, McGue, & Lykken, 1996), empathy (Plomin, 1994), and ...
... Beginning in the 1970s, psychology has seen the growth of behavioral genetics, which studies how heredity affects behavior. Research in behavioral genetics has found evidence of a hereditary basis for characteristics as diverse as divorce (Jocklin, McGue, & Lykken, 1996), empathy (Plomin, 1994), and ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... throughout the length of the SC [21]. In a process that is reviewed elsewhere [22], and is mediated by Ephrin-ephReceptor (ephR) counter gradients, each RGC sends an axon that extends almost through the entire SC, and later initiates sprouting in an area that will become the ‘target zone’. Soon ther ...
... throughout the length of the SC [21]. In a process that is reviewed elsewhere [22], and is mediated by Ephrin-ephReceptor (ephR) counter gradients, each RGC sends an axon that extends almost through the entire SC, and later initiates sprouting in an area that will become the ‘target zone’. Soon ther ...
Sensory experience and the formation of a computational map of
... changes in temperature. The receptor cells, which may be housed in sense organs, such as the eyes or the ears, transduce these various forms of energy into the electrical potential changes that are used by nerve cells for transmitting signals. The information carried by the receptor cells is then fe ...
... changes in temperature. The receptor cells, which may be housed in sense organs, such as the eyes or the ears, transduce these various forms of energy into the electrical potential changes that are used by nerve cells for transmitting signals. The information carried by the receptor cells is then fe ...
Dissociable Functions in the Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex
... indicate whether or not one’s previous responses were correct, a ‘gambling’ strategy can be adopted by which responses can be made on the basis of which one seems most likely to be ‘lucky’. This feeling of luck is presumably based on the likely reward value of a particular response which is based in ...
... indicate whether or not one’s previous responses were correct, a ‘gambling’ strategy can be adopted by which responses can be made on the basis of which one seems most likely to be ‘lucky’. This feeling of luck is presumably based on the likely reward value of a particular response which is based in ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... * Desynchronization is an improper term to characterize active state since cognitive ...
... * Desynchronization is an improper term to characterize active state since cognitive ...
The Evolution of Plant Body Plans
... unicellular species, the available data indicate that size-dependent variations in surface area, metabolic constituents (e.g. photosynthetic pigments), and reproductive rates limit maximum body size in nutrient poor habitats or those that change rapidly or unpredictably. This maximum size can be exc ...
... unicellular species, the available data indicate that size-dependent variations in surface area, metabolic constituents (e.g. photosynthetic pigments), and reproductive rates limit maximum body size in nutrient poor habitats or those that change rapidly or unpredictably. This maximum size can be exc ...
ANS
... nasal congestion – stimulate -adrenergic receptors Beta-blockers – attach mainly to 1 receptors and reduce heart rate and prevent arrhythmias Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... nasal congestion – stimulate -adrenergic receptors Beta-blockers – attach mainly to 1 receptors and reduce heart rate and prevent arrhythmias Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
File - Shabeer Dawar
... activity by releasing neurotransmitter substances. • At the termination of somatic efferent fiber(supplying skeletal muscles) the transmitter released is acetylcholine. • On the other hand at the termination of the visceral efferent fibers (supplying smooth muscle and glandular epithelium) two diffe ...
... activity by releasing neurotransmitter substances. • At the termination of somatic efferent fiber(supplying skeletal muscles) the transmitter released is acetylcholine. • On the other hand at the termination of the visceral efferent fibers (supplying smooth muscle and glandular epithelium) two diffe ...
A Functional Role for Intra-Axonal Protein Synthesis during Axonal
... Figure 1. Rapidly growing axons of conditioned DRG neurons contain ribosomal protein L4. Four days after sciatic nerve crush, conditioned L4 –5 DRG neurons were dissociated and cultured on coated coverslips for 22 hr in medium containing Ara-C and DRB. The long processes extended by these DRG neuron ...
... Figure 1. Rapidly growing axons of conditioned DRG neurons contain ribosomal protein L4. Four days after sciatic nerve crush, conditioned L4 –5 DRG neurons were dissociated and cultured on coated coverslips for 22 hr in medium containing Ara-C and DRB. The long processes extended by these DRG neuron ...
of 17 Keywords A-waves Sometimes called Axon
... Elements that do not allow electrons to readily pass. Opposite of conductor. Air is the best insulator. ...
... Elements that do not allow electrons to readily pass. Opposite of conductor. Air is the best insulator. ...
ARTICLES - Test Page
... been suggested that old neurons are replaced by new neurons in the olfactory bulb, as the size of the olfactory bulb does not substantially change throughout life7–10, whereas neurogenesis contributes to the increase in neuronal number in the dentate gyrus in adult rats11–15. Furthermore, it has bee ...
... been suggested that old neurons are replaced by new neurons in the olfactory bulb, as the size of the olfactory bulb does not substantially change throughout life7–10, whereas neurogenesis contributes to the increase in neuronal number in the dentate gyrus in adult rats11–15. Furthermore, it has bee ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.