Human Economic Choice as Costly Information Processing
... to press a left button to indicate that the number is less than 55 and a right button to indicate that the number is greater than 55. An interpretation of the process is as follows. The human brain forms a spatial representation of numerical magnitudes. A comparison stimulus is presented on a scree ...
... to press a left button to indicate that the number is less than 55 and a right button to indicate that the number is greater than 55. An interpretation of the process is as follows. The human brain forms a spatial representation of numerical magnitudes. A comparison stimulus is presented on a scree ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... ferent studies relate to one another. A second limiting factor is the lack of anatomical markers. The discovery of histological markers for functionally distinct neuronal subpopulations, most notably cytochrome oxidase, was a considerable aid to elucidating the functional organization of visual cort ...
... ferent studies relate to one another. A second limiting factor is the lack of anatomical markers. The discovery of histological markers for functionally distinct neuronal subpopulations, most notably cytochrome oxidase, was a considerable aid to elucidating the functional organization of visual cort ...
Fundamentals on Peripheral Nerves
... Fundamentals on Peripheral Nerves Types of Nerve Fibers in Peripheral Nerves Although there are many different ways of classifying nerve fibers, in this course we will use only a very simple method based primarily on the direction of impulse transmission. Fundamentally, nerve fibers can be divided i ...
... Fundamentals on Peripheral Nerves Types of Nerve Fibers in Peripheral Nerves Although there are many different ways of classifying nerve fibers, in this course we will use only a very simple method based primarily on the direction of impulse transmission. Fundamentally, nerve fibers can be divided i ...
Current Opinion in Neurobiology (2004)
... Tasks such as devaluation are used in behavioral studies to reveal the role of associatively activated representations of reinforcers. But it is assumed that these representations are active regardless of the invocation of special behavioral procedures to detect them. For example, when animals perfo ...
... Tasks such as devaluation are used in behavioral studies to reveal the role of associatively activated representations of reinforcers. But it is assumed that these representations are active regardless of the invocation of special behavioral procedures to detect them. For example, when animals perfo ...
Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Guidance in the Mouse Optic Chiasm
... University of California, San Francisco, Chancellor’s Fellowships, and L.E. is a recipient of EMBO and Human Frontier Science Program Long-Term Fellowships. T.K. is a Postdoctoral Associate, and C.S.G. and M.T.L. are investigators with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. We thank Dr. Mary Morrison ...
... University of California, San Francisco, Chancellor’s Fellowships, and L.E. is a recipient of EMBO and Human Frontier Science Program Long-Term Fellowships. T.K. is a Postdoctoral Associate, and C.S.G. and M.T.L. are investigators with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. We thank Dr. Mary Morrison ...
Impact of a deletion of the full-length and short isoform of
... isoforms of the p75NTR exist: a short (s-p75NTR) and a fulllength isoform. The full-length isoform is capable of binding neurotrophins, whereas the short isoform lacks the neurotrophin binding site. Although the functions of s-p75NTR are largely unknown, some studies suggest that it is a functional ...
... isoforms of the p75NTR exist: a short (s-p75NTR) and a fulllength isoform. The full-length isoform is capable of binding neurotrophins, whereas the short isoform lacks the neurotrophin binding site. Although the functions of s-p75NTR are largely unknown, some studies suggest that it is a functional ...
universidade federal do rio grande do norte instituto do
... Subsequent to the cell discovery, many questions arise on how cells, such microscopical tiny things, organize themselves to develop into an entire and complex organism. These questions opened a new field in biology: development. Until the 1880´s, observation and histology were the only available tec ...
... Subsequent to the cell discovery, many questions arise on how cells, such microscopical tiny things, organize themselves to develop into an entire and complex organism. These questions opened a new field in biology: development. Until the 1880´s, observation and histology were the only available tec ...
Spatial and temporal frequency selectivity of neurons in
... Information about the responses of neurons to the spatial and temporal frequencies of visual stimuli is important for understanding the types of computations being performed in different visual areas. We characterized the spatiotemporal selectivity of neurons in the middle temporal area (MT), which ...
... Information about the responses of neurons to the spatial and temporal frequencies of visual stimuli is important for understanding the types of computations being performed in different visual areas. We characterized the spatiotemporal selectivity of neurons in the middle temporal area (MT), which ...
Stimuluslocked responses on human arm muscles reveal a rapid
... & Castellan, 1988) was applied to each bin to determine when the response directions were above chance levels (1 : 4). The minimum reaction time was chosen as the time when five consecutive bins showed significant (P < 0.01) increases from chance. Any movement made before this time was rejected from f ...
... & Castellan, 1988) was applied to each bin to determine when the response directions were above chance levels (1 : 4). The minimum reaction time was chosen as the time when five consecutive bins showed significant (P < 0.01) increases from chance. Any movement made before this time was rejected from f ...
7 Anatomy and Function of the Normal Rectum and Anus
... from the inside walls of the true pelvis and converge on the midline to form a bipennate, staggered, muscular hammock posteriorly and a funnel-shaped portal of exit for the anal canal. The muscle spans most of the pelvic outlet, except for two small gaps on the posterolateral aspects, which are fill ...
... from the inside walls of the true pelvis and converge on the midline to form a bipennate, staggered, muscular hammock posteriorly and a funnel-shaped portal of exit for the anal canal. The muscle spans most of the pelvic outlet, except for two small gaps on the posterolateral aspects, which are fill ...
The Neural Foundations of Reaction and Action in Aversive Motivation
... stimulus. Rather, they are emitted in the combined presence of certain stimuli and internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine an ...
... stimulus. Rather, they are emitted in the combined presence of certain stimuli and internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine an ...
Bystander Attenuation Of Neuronal And Astrocyte
... state to 340 nm in a Ca2+ bound state (Fig. 2). This allows for an accurate quantification of Ca2+ level based on the ratio of the fluorescent emission intensity at 340 and 380 excitation. This ratiometric quantity corrects for uneven dye loading, photobleaching, and changes in cellular volume. Henc ...
... state to 340 nm in a Ca2+ bound state (Fig. 2). This allows for an accurate quantification of Ca2+ level based on the ratio of the fluorescent emission intensity at 340 and 380 excitation. This ratiometric quantity corrects for uneven dye loading, photobleaching, and changes in cellular volume. Henc ...
Response Differences in Monkey TE and Perirhinal Cortex: Stimulus
... Liu, Zheng and Barry J. Richmond. Response differences in monkey TE and perirhinal cortex: stimulus association related to reward schedules. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1677–1692, 2000. Anatomic and behavioral evidence shows that TE and perirhinal cortices are two directly connected but distinct inferior t ...
... Liu, Zheng and Barry J. Richmond. Response differences in monkey TE and perirhinal cortex: stimulus association related to reward schedules. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1677–1692, 2000. Anatomic and behavioral evidence shows that TE and perirhinal cortices are two directly connected but distinct inferior t ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Signal Integration in Hypothalamic
... Neurons processing multiple signals must possess flexibility in their signalling mechanism so that they can produce an integrated response. In principle, the signalling potential of a neuron containing several transmitters may be affected by the concentration ratio of co-released factors (FischerCol ...
... Neurons processing multiple signals must possess flexibility in their signalling mechanism so that they can produce an integrated response. In principle, the signalling potential of a neuron containing several transmitters may be affected by the concentration ratio of co-released factors (FischerCol ...
The role of the Golgi apparatus in neuronal polarity
... neuron is the most well-known cell type of the brain. A neuron is defined by its ability to send electrical action potentials through neuronal circuitry and form connections, referred to as synapses between two neurons. Synapses are the essential form of communication in the brain and occur through ...
... neuron is the most well-known cell type of the brain. A neuron is defined by its ability to send electrical action potentials through neuronal circuitry and form connections, referred to as synapses between two neurons. Synapses are the essential form of communication in the brain and occur through ...
the brainstem control of saccadic eye movements
... head or body mediate the compensatory eye movements of the vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VOR). Visual signals about the speed and direction of full-field image motion across the retina initiate optokinetic reflexes that supplement the VOR in the low-frequency range. ...
... head or body mediate the compensatory eye movements of the vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VOR). Visual signals about the speed and direction of full-field image motion across the retina initiate optokinetic reflexes that supplement the VOR in the low-frequency range. ...
Notch resolves mixed neural identities in the
... The Notch signaling pathway plays a central role in the generation of diversity within the Drosophila nervous system. Upon binding by ligands from the DSL family (for Delta, Serrate, Lag2), Notch is proteolyzed and its intracellular domain (Notchintra) translocates to the nucleus, where, together wi ...
... The Notch signaling pathway plays a central role in the generation of diversity within the Drosophila nervous system. Upon binding by ligands from the DSL family (for Delta, Serrate, Lag2), Notch is proteolyzed and its intracellular domain (Notchintra) translocates to the nucleus, where, together wi ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... as we are constantly bombarded by sounds, we effortlessly extract necessary information, whether surrounded by fellow colleagues at a cocktail party, or hunting for prey (being a barn owl). When rapid changes in air pressure (sounds) hit our ears, sounds are transformed in cochlea into series of act ...
... as we are constantly bombarded by sounds, we effortlessly extract necessary information, whether surrounded by fellow colleagues at a cocktail party, or hunting for prey (being a barn owl). When rapid changes in air pressure (sounds) hit our ears, sounds are transformed in cochlea into series of act ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... Cell shape criteria can also lead to confusion. For example, the neuroepithelial cells housed in vertebrate taste buds are not usually classified as neurons, primarily for morphological reasons. However, these cells possess sensory receptors (for detection of taste substances) and synapse onto neuro ...
... Cell shape criteria can also lead to confusion. For example, the neuroepithelial cells housed in vertebrate taste buds are not usually classified as neurons, primarily for morphological reasons. However, these cells possess sensory receptors (for detection of taste substances) and synapse onto neuro ...
High acetylcholine sets circuit dynamics for attention and
... hippocampus, neurons which responded with both fast nicotinic alpha-7 receptor responses and slow non-alpha-7 responses had cell bodies in oriens and projected to lacunosum-moleculare, while another set of neurons were depolarized by only alpha-7 receptors and appeared spread through many layers (Mc ...
... hippocampus, neurons which responded with both fast nicotinic alpha-7 receptor responses and slow non-alpha-7 responses had cell bodies in oriens and projected to lacunosum-moleculare, while another set of neurons were depolarized by only alpha-7 receptors and appeared spread through many layers (Mc ...
Temporal fate specification and neural progenitor competence
... are expressed, and this might be determined by the activity of lineage-specific spatial-patterning cues. What regulates the timing of temporal-identity factor expression? Misexpression experiments show that each temporal-identity factor can activate the next factor in the pathway and repress the nex ...
... are expressed, and this might be determined by the activity of lineage-specific spatial-patterning cues. What regulates the timing of temporal-identity factor expression? Misexpression experiments show that each temporal-identity factor can activate the next factor in the pathway and repress the nex ...
Chapter 2: Chemistry, Matter, and Life
... Is the spinal cord the same length as the spinal column? How does the number of cervical vertebrae compare to the number of cervical spinal nerves? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
... Is the spinal cord the same length as the spinal column? How does the number of cervical vertebrae compare to the number of cervical spinal nerves? Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
The Olfactory–Limbic System and Multiple Chemical
... having a distinct odor. “ (Buck – Nobel Lecture 2004) All of these odorants are small, volatile molecules - meaning they’re gaseous. The process starts when odorants are detected by olfactory sensory neurons, which are located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. In other words it al ...
... having a distinct odor. “ (Buck – Nobel Lecture 2004) All of these odorants are small, volatile molecules - meaning they’re gaseous. The process starts when odorants are detected by olfactory sensory neurons, which are located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. In other words it al ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.