Emergence of new signal-primitives in neural systems
... Emergence is the process by which new structures and functions come into being. There are two fundamental, but complementary, conceptions of emergence: combinatoric emergence, wherein novelty arises by new combinations of pre-existing elements, and creative emergence, wherein novelty arises by de no ...
... Emergence is the process by which new structures and functions come into being. There are two fundamental, but complementary, conceptions of emergence: combinatoric emergence, wherein novelty arises by new combinations of pre-existing elements, and creative emergence, wherein novelty arises by de no ...
Rebound spiking properties of mouse medial entorhinal cortex neurons in vivo NEUROSYSTEMS
... influences in their response properties. Theta oscillations in the MEC, driven by medial septum cholinergic and GABAergic neurons, may be essential for generating grid cell activities (Brandon et al., 2011; Koenig et al., 2011). These theta oscillations may interact with inhibitory input, as stellate ...
... influences in their response properties. Theta oscillations in the MEC, driven by medial septum cholinergic and GABAergic neurons, may be essential for generating grid cell activities (Brandon et al., 2011; Koenig et al., 2011). These theta oscillations may interact with inhibitory input, as stellate ...
The Time Course and Amplitude of EPSPs Evoked at Synapses
... depolarization. Single-fiber EPSPs can also be analyzed for quanta1 fluctuations, thereby separating presynaptic effects from postsynaptic changes during alterations in synaptic strength. These types of analyses have been pursued at the monosynaptic connection formed between a single group Ia axon a ...
... depolarization. Single-fiber EPSPs can also be analyzed for quanta1 fluctuations, thereby separating presynaptic effects from postsynaptic changes during alterations in synaptic strength. These types of analyses have been pursued at the monosynaptic connection formed between a single group Ia axon a ...
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... means that when a neuron fires, the nearby neurons in its local area are more likely to fire. This leads to a smoother representational map. The topographic map can be realized by not only considering a nonzero-responding neuron as a winner, but also its 3 3 neighbors, which are the neurons with the ...
... means that when a neuron fires, the nearby neurons in its local area are more likely to fire. This leads to a smoother representational map. The topographic map can be realized by not only considering a nonzero-responding neuron as a winner, but also its 3 3 neighbors, which are the neurons with the ...
Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... reconstruction of the spiny stellate cell marked by the white asterisk in A. The somatodendritic configuration is shown in red; the axonal collaterals are shown in blue. The outline of the barrel is revealed by the cytochrome oxidase staining and is shaded in light gray. Inset, Half-tone picture of ...
... reconstruction of the spiny stellate cell marked by the white asterisk in A. The somatodendritic configuration is shown in red; the axonal collaterals are shown in blue. The outline of the barrel is revealed by the cytochrome oxidase staining and is shaded in light gray. Inset, Half-tone picture of ...
How do dendrites take their shape?
... course of much of the twentieth century, the prevailing belief that axons take the more active role in wiring the brain and in establishing synaptic specificity led researchers to focus on the development of axons more than that of the dendrites. In addition, the complexity and diversity of dendriti ...
... course of much of the twentieth century, the prevailing belief that axons take the more active role in wiring the brain and in establishing synaptic specificity led researchers to focus on the development of axons more than that of the dendrites. In addition, the complexity and diversity of dendriti ...
AN INTEGRATIVE THEORY OF LOCUS
... system plays a more complex and specific role in the control of behavior than investigators previously thought. We review neurophysiological and modeling studies in monkey that support a new theory of LC-NE function. LC neurons exhibit two modes of activity, phasic and tonic. Phasic LC activation is ...
... system plays a more complex and specific role in the control of behavior than investigators previously thought. We review neurophysiological and modeling studies in monkey that support a new theory of LC-NE function. LC neurons exhibit two modes of activity, phasic and tonic. Phasic LC activation is ...
The Role of the Terminal Nerve and GnRH in Olfactory System
... receptor neurons project to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (Subhedar and Rama Krishna, 1988; Biju et al., 2003; Biju et al., 2005), but it is not known whether these cells release GnRH into the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, or both. Physiological effects of GnRH in the olfactory epithelium ...
... receptor neurons project to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (Subhedar and Rama Krishna, 1988; Biju et al., 2003; Biju et al., 2005), but it is not known whether these cells release GnRH into the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, or both. Physiological effects of GnRH in the olfactory epithelium ...
Slide 1
... pontine nuclei are shown as blue circles. It should be noted that the actual synaptic signs of many of the aminergic and reticular pathways remain to be demonstrated, and, in many cases, the neuronal architecture is known to be far more complex than indicated here (e.g., the thalamus and cortex). Du ...
... pontine nuclei are shown as blue circles. It should be noted that the actual synaptic signs of many of the aminergic and reticular pathways remain to be demonstrated, and, in many cases, the neuronal architecture is known to be far more complex than indicated here (e.g., the thalamus and cortex). Du ...
Chapter 5 Learning to attend in primary visual cortex
... window centered on a red fixation point (FP in Fig. 1a). After an interval of 300 ms, the stimulus appeared on the screen. It consisted of two curves starting at two different small icons. The monkey was presented with a new pair of icons each day, one of which was relevant and the other was to be i ...
... window centered on a red fixation point (FP in Fig. 1a). After an interval of 300 ms, the stimulus appeared on the screen. It consisted of two curves starting at two different small icons. The monkey was presented with a new pair of icons each day, one of which was relevant and the other was to be i ...
MECHANISMS OF CENTRAL TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY
... chemoreceptor excitation likewise led to increased activity (P. Langhorst and H. P. Koepchen, unpublished data). Therefore the chemoreceptor reflex increase of breathing is a generally activating reflex according to case c in Table I . The known inhibition of respiration by arterial baroreceptor aff ...
... chemoreceptor excitation likewise led to increased activity (P. Langhorst and H. P. Koepchen, unpublished data). Therefore the chemoreceptor reflex increase of breathing is a generally activating reflex according to case c in Table I . The known inhibition of respiration by arterial baroreceptor aff ...
New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear
... excites ITC cells located at the same lateromedial level, which inhibit more medially located ITC neurons (Fig. 1C), disinhibiting medially located CE neurons (Royer et al. 1999). The end result is a facilitation of CEm output by LA activation (see Fig. 1C). Thus we submit that the reason why increa ...
... excites ITC cells located at the same lateromedial level, which inhibit more medially located ITC neurons (Fig. 1C), disinhibiting medially located CE neurons (Royer et al. 1999). The end result is a facilitation of CEm output by LA activation (see Fig. 1C). Thus we submit that the reason why increa ...
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... The dendrites project out from the cell bodies are the primary receivers of signals from other neurons. The axon is a tail-like extension of the neuron. It transmits signals to other neurons. At the ends of the axons are the axon terminals. Signals move from the axon terminals to the dendrites ...
... The dendrites project out from the cell bodies are the primary receivers of signals from other neurons. The axon is a tail-like extension of the neuron. It transmits signals to other neurons. At the ends of the axons are the axon terminals. Signals move from the axon terminals to the dendrites ...
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish
... 1-Hz stimulation (closed triangles), (c) no stimulation (not shown), (d) 2-Hz stimulation (open triangles), and (e) no stimulation (“post,” closed circles). No difference in contraction frequency between control and stimulated embryos was found until 21 hpf, at which time the stimulations elicited s ...
... 1-Hz stimulation (closed triangles), (c) no stimulation (not shown), (d) 2-Hz stimulation (open triangles), and (e) no stimulation (“post,” closed circles). No difference in contraction frequency between control and stimulated embryos was found until 21 hpf, at which time the stimulations elicited s ...
CHAPTER 2
... One of the things the sympathetic system does is to innervate the sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, and vascular smooth muscle lying in the body wall. Every part of the body wall has such structures, thus every part of the body wall must receive postganglionic sympathetic axons. The question is, ...
... One of the things the sympathetic system does is to innervate the sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, and vascular smooth muscle lying in the body wall. Every part of the body wall has such structures, thus every part of the body wall must receive postganglionic sympathetic axons. The question is, ...
Biology and Behavior
... the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerve cells that send messages between the central nervous system and other parts of the body. Nerve cells are called neurons. ...
... the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerve cells that send messages between the central nervous system and other parts of the body. Nerve cells are called neurons. ...
Pain in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
... fact, and intraoral cavity. These fibers entire the pons, descend to the medulla and make synaptic connections in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The trigeminothalmic tract provides immediate awareness of pain and its ...
... fact, and intraoral cavity. These fibers entire the pons, descend to the medulla and make synaptic connections in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The trigeminothalmic tract provides immediate awareness of pain and its ...
Sorting and convergence of primary olfactory axons are
... For double-label immunofluorescence, sections were incubated in the primary antibodies rabbit anti-galactosidase (20 g/ml; Cortex Biochem, Inc.) and goat ...
... For double-label immunofluorescence, sections were incubated in the primary antibodies rabbit anti-galactosidase (20 g/ml; Cortex Biochem, Inc.) and goat ...
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Rats
... ©2011 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher. ...
... ©2011 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher. ...
Direction of action is represented in the ventral premotor cortex
... the preferred directions of different extrinsic-like neurons (Fig. 5a). In general, the preferred direction of a neuron’s activity in the instruction period was highly and positively correlated with its preferred direction during the execution period (Fig. 5b). One neuron in the PMv displayed a stri ...
... the preferred directions of different extrinsic-like neurons (Fig. 5a). In general, the preferred direction of a neuron’s activity in the instruction period was highly and positively correlated with its preferred direction during the execution period (Fig. 5b). One neuron in the PMv displayed a stri ...
Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and
... duce increases in incentive salience or Pavlovian-triggered motivation (here called “wanting” in shorthand) (1, 31, 35–37). A neurochemical distinction has been made between opioid stimulation of the NAc hotspot, which amplifies hedonic impact (liking) as well as motivation (wanting) for reward, and ...
... duce increases in incentive salience or Pavlovian-triggered motivation (here called “wanting” in shorthand) (1, 31, 35–37). A neurochemical distinction has been made between opioid stimulation of the NAc hotspot, which amplifies hedonic impact (liking) as well as motivation (wanting) for reward, and ...
Insights into Rapid Modulation of Neuroplasticity by Brain Estrogens
... focusing on synapse structure and function; and 4) explore the cellular mechanisms and pathways that potentially underlie estrogen-induced neuroplasticity in excitatory neurons. By use of this body of literature, we will attempt to establish a model by which estrogenic modulation of neuroplasticity ...
... focusing on synapse structure and function; and 4) explore the cellular mechanisms and pathways that potentially underlie estrogen-induced neuroplasticity in excitatory neurons. By use of this body of literature, we will attempt to establish a model by which estrogenic modulation of neuroplasticity ...
Brainstem: neural networks vital for life
... rhythmicity of firing (as, for example, in cardiac muscle) (Smith et al. 2009; St John 2009). Or does it result from the integrated activity of diffuse networks of inspiratory and expiratory neurons that excite and inhibit each other? Or from a combination of both mechanisms (Muller et al. 2009)? Fo ...
... rhythmicity of firing (as, for example, in cardiac muscle) (Smith et al. 2009; St John 2009). Or does it result from the integrated activity of diffuse networks of inspiratory and expiratory neurons that excite and inhibit each other? Or from a combination of both mechanisms (Muller et al. 2009)? Fo ...
Sensitization of the Trigeminal Sensory System During Different
... measurements, the mineral oil was washed out and then 20 µL of capsaicin containing 6 µg of capsaicin (3 mg capsaicin dissolved in saline, ethanol and Tween 80 at 8:1:1 ratio by volume and then diluted 10-fold) was applied to the dura. After 5 minutes, the receptive fields were mapped as described a ...
... measurements, the mineral oil was washed out and then 20 µL of capsaicin containing 6 µg of capsaicin (3 mg capsaicin dissolved in saline, ethanol and Tween 80 at 8:1:1 ratio by volume and then diluted 10-fold) was applied to the dura. After 5 minutes, the receptive fields were mapped as described a ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.