electrophysiological studies of rat substantia nigra neurons in an in
... seven days after MCA occlusion, the SNR became smaller in volume than the control (Fig. 1B). The SNR showed a more marked atrophy after 14 days (Fig. 1C). Neuronal necrosis and gliosis were observed at this stage. Changes in electrical membrane properties of substantia nigra neurons after middle cer ...
... seven days after MCA occlusion, the SNR became smaller in volume than the control (Fig. 1B). The SNR showed a more marked atrophy after 14 days (Fig. 1C). Neuronal necrosis and gliosis were observed at this stage. Changes in electrical membrane properties of substantia nigra neurons after middle cer ...
Hold your horses: A dynamic computational role
... The details of the BG model are described in Frank (2005a, 2005b). In brief, the premotor cortex represents and “considers” two possible responses (R1 and R2) for each input stimulus. The BG system modulates which one of these responses is facilitated and which is suppressed by signaling Go or NoGo ...
... The details of the BG model are described in Frank (2005a, 2005b). In brief, the premotor cortex represents and “considers” two possible responses (R1 and R2) for each input stimulus. The BG system modulates which one of these responses is facilitated and which is suppressed by signaling Go or NoGo ...
The Nervous System
... An electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron, changing the cell’s charge from negative to positive ...
... An electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron, changing the cell’s charge from negative to positive ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... expression of conditioned fear responses1–3. In the classical circuit model of fear conditioning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala is thought of as the primary site where associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and stored1–5. In contrast t ...
... expression of conditioned fear responses1–3. In the classical circuit model of fear conditioning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala is thought of as the primary site where associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and stored1–5. In contrast t ...
Read Here
... Homeostatic control of breathing, heart rate, and body temperature relies on circuits within the brainstem modulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT). Mounting evidence points to specialized neuronal subtypes within the serotonergic neuronal system, borne out in functional studies, for the m ...
... Homeostatic control of breathing, heart rate, and body temperature relies on circuits within the brainstem modulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT). Mounting evidence points to specialized neuronal subtypes within the serotonergic neuronal system, borne out in functional studies, for the m ...
Differential effects of nicotine on the activity of substantia nigra and
... neurons were compared in transverse juvenile rat midbrain sections (300-350 mm) using extracellular recording. Levels of nicotine comparable with those encountered in smokers (0.2-1.0 mM, 3 min) not only increased firing rate, but also evoked prolonged irregular firing, as indicated by the increase ...
... neurons were compared in transverse juvenile rat midbrain sections (300-350 mm) using extracellular recording. Levels of nicotine comparable with those encountered in smokers (0.2-1.0 mM, 3 min) not only increased firing rate, but also evoked prolonged irregular firing, as indicated by the increase ...
PDF version - Richard Andersen
... and S. These basic phases are common to neurons of both areas range was similar to that of LIP, typically the LS latencies were LIP and 7a. In each phase (LS, M, and S), individual neurons may or may not be active. Most LIP neurons, however, are active in longer (median 160 ms). 12. In summary, area ...
... and S. These basic phases are common to neurons of both areas range was similar to that of LIP, typically the LS latencies were LIP and 7a. In each phase (LS, M, and S), individual neurons may or may not be active. Most LIP neurons, however, are active in longer (median 160 ms). 12. In summary, area ...
PDF
... initiate the asymmetric expression of the TGFb ligand Nodal to coordinate visceral and brain asymmetry (Bisgrove et al., 2003; Liang et al., 2000; McGrath and Brueckner, 2003). In C. elegans AWC asymmetry, calcium also plays a role (Fig. 2). Prior to their interaction, the two AWC olfactory neurons ...
... initiate the asymmetric expression of the TGFb ligand Nodal to coordinate visceral and brain asymmetry (Bisgrove et al., 2003; Liang et al., 2000; McGrath and Brueckner, 2003). In C. elegans AWC asymmetry, calcium also plays a role (Fig. 2). Prior to their interaction, the two AWC olfactory neurons ...
Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Rat Parabrachial Region: Ultrastructural
... Axons and axon terminals with TH-I comprised the remaining 83% (524 out of 625) of all labeled profiles in the dorsal, ventral, central, and external nuclei of the PBR. The axons were primarily small (0.1-0.2 pm in diameter) and unmyelinated (Fig. 4A). However, occasionally a slightly larger (0.3-0. ...
... Axons and axon terminals with TH-I comprised the remaining 83% (524 out of 625) of all labeled profiles in the dorsal, ventral, central, and external nuclei of the PBR. The axons were primarily small (0.1-0.2 pm in diameter) and unmyelinated (Fig. 4A). However, occasionally a slightly larger (0.3-0. ...
The neuroprotective effects of milk fat globule
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
Cognon Neural Model Software Verification and
... Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics (SyNAPSE) is a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) program with the goal to develop electronic neuromorphic machine technology that scales to biological levels. The ultimate aim is to build an electronic microprocessor syste ...
... Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics (SyNAPSE) is a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) program with the goal to develop electronic neuromorphic machine technology that scales to biological levels. The ultimate aim is to build an electronic microprocessor syste ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... motor neurons that innervate the swimmerets—limbs that occur in pairs on several abdominal segments—perform both tasks (Heitler 1978, 1983; Sherff and Mulloney 1996). When crustaceans swim forward by beating their swimmerets, each limb moves rhythmically through cycles of power strokes and return st ...
... motor neurons that innervate the swimmerets—limbs that occur in pairs on several abdominal segments—perform both tasks (Heitler 1978, 1983; Sherff and Mulloney 1996). When crustaceans swim forward by beating their swimmerets, each limb moves rhythmically through cycles of power strokes and return st ...
Quantitative assessment of neurite outgrowth in human
... A number of recent publications advocate the use of in vitro cell culture models as tools for efficient identification and prioritization of chemicals that may be hazardous to humans (NRC, 2007; Coecke et al., 2007; Lein et al., 2005). Specifically, a report by the National Academy of Sciences entitled ...
... A number of recent publications advocate the use of in vitro cell culture models as tools for efficient identification and prioritization of chemicals that may be hazardous to humans (NRC, 2007; Coecke et al., 2007; Lein et al., 2005). Specifically, a report by the National Academy of Sciences entitled ...
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
The subiculum comes of age
... formations may innervate neurons that express normal or increased levels of the Cl importing cotransporter, NKCC1 (Muñoz et al., 2004). However, a subpopulation of neurons does not express NKCC1. Similarly, hypertrophic basket terminals contact neurons that are either immuno-positive or negative f ...
... formations may innervate neurons that express normal or increased levels of the Cl importing cotransporter, NKCC1 (Muñoz et al., 2004). However, a subpopulation of neurons does not express NKCC1. Similarly, hypertrophic basket terminals contact neurons that are either immuno-positive or negative f ...
Emerging role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of
... stored fat and inform the brain about the stored energy state. They modulate energy balance through the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure.2,56 Insulin is a hormone that was first identified as an adiposity signal.5,57 Insulin is secreted by β-cells in response to energy flux. Plasma insu ...
... stored fat and inform the brain about the stored energy state. They modulate energy balance through the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure.2,56 Insulin is a hormone that was first identified as an adiposity signal.5,57 Insulin is secreted by β-cells in response to energy flux. Plasma insu ...
Behavioral verification of associative learning in whisker
... direct function of the intensity of the UCS. For example, Morris and Bouton (2006) observed that the point in conditioning training at which freezing emerged and the asymptotic amount of freezing was directly related to the intensity of the UCS (footshock). Other studies indicate that performance in ...
... direct function of the intensity of the UCS. For example, Morris and Bouton (2006) observed that the point in conditioning training at which freezing emerged and the asymptotic amount of freezing was directly related to the intensity of the UCS (footshock). Other studies indicate that performance in ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... motor and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, constitute the motor limb of vagally mediated reflexes. Arising from the nucleus ambiguus, vagal lower motor neurons (LMN) mediate reflexes involving striated muscles of the orad gut. LMNs provide cholinergic innervation to motor end plates that are in ...
... motor and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, constitute the motor limb of vagally mediated reflexes. Arising from the nucleus ambiguus, vagal lower motor neurons (LMN) mediate reflexes involving striated muscles of the orad gut. LMNs provide cholinergic innervation to motor end plates that are in ...
Effects of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron activity
... Galanin is a 29-amino acid peptide with a suggested role in nociception. The effect of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron discharge frequency in rats with nerve ligation, used as a model of neurogenic pain, was investigated by extracellular recording methods. Seven to 14 days after sciatic nerve l ...
... Galanin is a 29-amino acid peptide with a suggested role in nociception. The effect of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron discharge frequency in rats with nerve ligation, used as a model of neurogenic pain, was investigated by extracellular recording methods. Seven to 14 days after sciatic nerve l ...
Phase synchronization of bursting neurons in clustered small
... patterns of activation of different brain regions as measured by electroencephalographic (EEG) or neuroimaging methods. The network analysis of these databases have revealed principles of organization of the nervous system which are common across species. For example, the corticocortical connectivit ...
... patterns of activation of different brain regions as measured by electroencephalographic (EEG) or neuroimaging methods. The network analysis of these databases have revealed principles of organization of the nervous system which are common across species. For example, the corticocortical connectivit ...
The Crash Course in Head, Neck, and Arm By Mike Sughrue
... discriminative touch. However, they do need to know that the fire on the left is not a good place to crawl into. As organisms evolved they slowly obtained more complex sensory apparati (i.e. pacinian corpuscles and muscle spindles) and thus had a need to attach 2nd order neurons for these modalities ...
... discriminative touch. However, they do need to know that the fire on the left is not a good place to crawl into. As organisms evolved they slowly obtained more complex sensory apparati (i.e. pacinian corpuscles and muscle spindles) and thus had a need to attach 2nd order neurons for these modalities ...
Review Article Long-Term Memory Search across the
... hand, L2/3 pyramidal neuron targeting by SOM-positive(rather than PV-positive) GABAergic interneurons assure orientation selectivity in the striate cortex of rodents [85]. The primate L2/3 pyramidal neurons target L5 and L6 neurons of V1, but send also horizontal axon projections to V2 [86] and tran ...
... hand, L2/3 pyramidal neuron targeting by SOM-positive(rather than PV-positive) GABAergic interneurons assure orientation selectivity in the striate cortex of rodents [85]. The primate L2/3 pyramidal neurons target L5 and L6 neurons of V1, but send also horizontal axon projections to V2 [86] and tran ...
A Hebbian learning rule gives rise to mirror neurons and links them
... Mirror neurons are neurons whose responses to the observation of a motor act resemble responses measured during production of that act. Computationally, mirror neurons have been viewed as evidence for the existence of internal inverse models. Such models, rooted within control theory, map-desired se ...
... Mirror neurons are neurons whose responses to the observation of a motor act resemble responses measured during production of that act. Computationally, mirror neurons have been viewed as evidence for the existence of internal inverse models. Such models, rooted within control theory, map-desired se ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.