Review Article Long-Term Memory Search across the
... hand, L2/3 pyramidal neuron targeting by SOM-positive(rather than PV-positive) GABAergic interneurons assure orientation selectivity in the striate cortex of rodents [85]. The primate L2/3 pyramidal neurons target L5 and L6 neurons of V1, but send also horizontal axon projections to V2 [86] and tran ...
... hand, L2/3 pyramidal neuron targeting by SOM-positive(rather than PV-positive) GABAergic interneurons assure orientation selectivity in the striate cortex of rodents [85]. The primate L2/3 pyramidal neurons target L5 and L6 neurons of V1, but send also horizontal axon projections to V2 [86] and tran ...
The Familial Dysautonomia disease gene, Ikbkap/Elp1, is required
... ventricles relative to the hemisphere area (Table 2). In addition, in the CKO brain the corpus callosum and the lateral amygdaloid nucleus in the CKO brain were significantly reduced, while the hippocampus was relatively enlarged with respect to the reduced hemisphere (Table 2), which we attribute ...
... ventricles relative to the hemisphere area (Table 2). In addition, in the CKO brain the corpus callosum and the lateral amygdaloid nucleus in the CKO brain were significantly reduced, while the hippocampus was relatively enlarged with respect to the reduced hemisphere (Table 2), which we attribute ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... 4.8 ⫾ 1.2; n ⫽ 30) across neurons. The spike frequency within bursts was also consistent for each neuron and varied across neurons between 121.9 –259.6 Hz (mean, 185.5 ⫾ 38.5; n ⫽ 30). Depolarization of CA1 pyramidal cells does not ordinarily induce bursting activity (Jensen et al., 1994, 1996). Hen ...
... 4.8 ⫾ 1.2; n ⫽ 30) across neurons. The spike frequency within bursts was also consistent for each neuron and varied across neurons between 121.9 –259.6 Hz (mean, 185.5 ⫾ 38.5; n ⫽ 30). Depolarization of CA1 pyramidal cells does not ordinarily induce bursting activity (Jensen et al., 1994, 1996). Hen ...
Age-related naturally occurring depression of
... hippocampus-dependent learning (Shors et al., Hippocampus 2002;12: 578–584). Neurogenesis decreases with increasing age. In this study, neural precursor proliferation and newborn cell survival were evaluated in GCL of adult rats within a range of ages following development and preceding old age. In ...
... hippocampus-dependent learning (Shors et al., Hippocampus 2002;12: 578–584). Neurogenesis decreases with increasing age. In this study, neural precursor proliferation and newborn cell survival were evaluated in GCL of adult rats within a range of ages following development and preceding old age. In ...
hormonal control of cell form and number
... Figure 1. The (calculated) dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by each type of hormone implant as a function of the chick’s age. Abbreviations in the figure are explained in Table I. Details of the care of chicks were given previously (Gurney and Konishi, 1980; Gurney, 1981) ...
... Figure 1. The (calculated) dose of steroid (micrograms/gm of body weight/day) delivered by each type of hormone implant as a function of the chick’s age. Abbreviations in the figure are explained in Table I. Details of the care of chicks were given previously (Gurney and Konishi, 1980; Gurney, 1981) ...
Hypothesizing that, A Pro-Dopamine Regulator (KB220Z) Should
... increases possible difficulties in translating the physiological and pathophysiological changes classically recognized as ‘dopaminergic’ innervation from the VTA [13]. It is now believed that dopamine alone does not produce great changes in MSN current, but potentiates or impedes the volume of gluta ...
... increases possible difficulties in translating the physiological and pathophysiological changes classically recognized as ‘dopaminergic’ innervation from the VTA [13]. It is now believed that dopamine alone does not produce great changes in MSN current, but potentiates or impedes the volume of gluta ...
Preview Sample 2
... • The dendrites project out from the cell bodies are the primary receivers of signals from other neurons. • The axon is a tail-like extension of the neuron. It transmits signals to other neurons. • At the ends of the axons are the axon terminals. Signals move from the axon terminals to the dendrites ...
... • The dendrites project out from the cell bodies are the primary receivers of signals from other neurons. • The axon is a tail-like extension of the neuron. It transmits signals to other neurons. • At the ends of the axons are the axon terminals. Signals move from the axon terminals to the dendrites ...
Fundamentals on Peripheral Nerves
... Postganglionic Efferent Fibers (Efferent fibers to smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle) All postganglionic efferent nerve fibers arise from nerve cell bodies located in autonomic ganglia. They terminate on smooth muscle cells, glands, or cardiac muscle cells. The postganglionic efferent fibers ...
... Postganglionic Efferent Fibers (Efferent fibers to smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle) All postganglionic efferent nerve fibers arise from nerve cell bodies located in autonomic ganglia. They terminate on smooth muscle cells, glands, or cardiac muscle cells. The postganglionic efferent fibers ...
V U Z (vzw)
... and biochemical research by Kobayashi and coworkers in Japan (Kobayashi et al., 1982) and by Oliveraand coworkers in the USA (Oliveraet al., 1985, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1994) led to the concept that Conns venoms are complex mixtures of peptides and polypeptides that interact with a variety of physiolog ...
... and biochemical research by Kobayashi and coworkers in Japan (Kobayashi et al., 1982) and by Oliveraand coworkers in the USA (Oliveraet al., 1985, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1994) led to the concept that Conns venoms are complex mixtures of peptides and polypeptides that interact with a variety of physiolog ...
US Copyright Law
... pictures, it is important to utilize conventions for describing the relations of regions. In general, the terms we use were derived from those used by anatomists to describe similar relations in the body as a whole; therefore, the brain's orientation with respect to the body determines the coordinat ...
... pictures, it is important to utilize conventions for describing the relations of regions. In general, the terms we use were derived from those used by anatomists to describe similar relations in the body as a whole; therefore, the brain's orientation with respect to the body determines the coordinat ...
hypothalamus, pit..
... affects the hypothalamus would almost always be lethal. It receives its blood supply directly from the circle of Willis (see Plate 5-3), so it is rarely compromised by stroke, and it is bilaterally reduplicated, with survival of either side being sufficient to sustain normal life. On the other hand, ...
... affects the hypothalamus would almost always be lethal. It receives its blood supply directly from the circle of Willis (see Plate 5-3), so it is rarely compromised by stroke, and it is bilaterally reduplicated, with survival of either side being sufficient to sustain normal life. On the other hand, ...
Stress - Neuroanatomy
... the sensory input we are receiving and puts it into context and makes sense of the information. It can then alert different parts of the brain/mind (i.e., the PVN) in order to make a response. Many areas in the brainstem project to the PVN. All kinds of sensory input reach the PVN from the “reticula ...
... the sensory input we are receiving and puts it into context and makes sense of the information. It can then alert different parts of the brain/mind (i.e., the PVN) in order to make a response. Many areas in the brainstem project to the PVN. All kinds of sensory input reach the PVN from the “reticula ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... and ending 150 ms after the hold release, and tactics-only cued trials. Data plots and display formats are the same as in Figure 3. CPD was calculated from the neuronal activity epoch 3 preceding the target hit. In this report, during 68 tactics-only cued trials (A),100 fully cued trials (B), and 10 ...
... and ending 150 ms after the hold release, and tactics-only cued trials. Data plots and display formats are the same as in Figure 3. CPD was calculated from the neuronal activity epoch 3 preceding the target hit. In this report, during 68 tactics-only cued trials (A),100 fully cued trials (B), and 10 ...
Response Suppression in V1 Agrees with Psychophysics of
... intervals, only the first of which was task relevant. Both intervals lasted 750 msec, with a 375 msec interstimulus interval (Fig. 3). The target stimulus always appeared in the first interval, with pedestal contrast set to 0% in block A and 60% in block B. There were three conditions, which differe ...
... intervals, only the first of which was task relevant. Both intervals lasted 750 msec, with a 375 msec interstimulus interval (Fig. 3). The target stimulus always appeared in the first interval, with pedestal contrast set to 0% in block A and 60% in block B. There were three conditions, which differe ...
Slides 7.1 - Bellevue ISD
... Continuation of the Nerve Impulse between Neurons Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s axon terminal The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter An action potential is started in the ...
... Continuation of the Nerve Impulse between Neurons Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s axon terminal The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter An action potential is started in the ...
The Nervous System
... To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body Changes = stimuli Integration To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed Motor output A response to integrated stimuli The response activates muscles or glands Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. p ...
... To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body Changes = stimuli Integration To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed Motor output A response to integrated stimuli The response activates muscles or glands Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. p ...
Biological Bases of Bx Test
... a. movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap. b. release of hormones into the bloodstream. c. inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane. d. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron. e. the ending of the refractory period. ...
... a. movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap. b. release of hormones into the bloodstream. c. inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane. d. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron. e. the ending of the refractory period. ...
Rich-club organization in effective connectivity among cortical neurons
... cerebellum for placement of an electrical reference wire. After the craniotomy surgery, animals recovered from anesthesia in their home cage for ⬃2 h before being head fixed while awake and free to move on a spherical uniaxial polystyrene treadmill. The silicon microprobes were slowly lowered to ste ...
... cerebellum for placement of an electrical reference wire. After the craniotomy surgery, animals recovered from anesthesia in their home cage for ⬃2 h before being head fixed while awake and free to move on a spherical uniaxial polystyrene treadmill. The silicon microprobes were slowly lowered to ste ...
How Do We See the World?
... first, had a slightly rosier view of the world to begin with. Winderickx found that there are two forms of the receptor cell that detects red; about 60 percent of men have one form, whereas 40 percent have the other. The difference between these two forms is small but significant and results from a ...
... first, had a slightly rosier view of the world to begin with. Winderickx found that there are two forms of the receptor cell that detects red; about 60 percent of men have one form, whereas 40 percent have the other. The difference between these two forms is small but significant and results from a ...
Tuning Curve Shift by Attention Modulation in Cortical Neurons: a
... neuron does not show any kind of shift (Fig. 1A, lower panel). This is intuitively easy to understand: with a fixed attentional signal, when one records from a given neuron while the stimulus is varied, the attentional signal is just an additive constant on the sensory input and it does not change wh ...
... neuron does not show any kind of shift (Fig. 1A, lower panel). This is intuitively easy to understand: with a fixed attentional signal, when one records from a given neuron while the stimulus is varied, the attentional signal is just an additive constant on the sensory input and it does not change wh ...
Subunit Composition of N-Methyl-D
... the NMDA receptor protein NR2D was developed using peptides from the carboxyl terminus of the rat NR2D subunit and characterized as reported previously (Dunah et al., 1996). This antibody along with previously characterized subunit-specific antibodies against NR1 (Luo et al., 1997), NR2A (Wang et al ...
... the NMDA receptor protein NR2D was developed using peptides from the carboxyl terminus of the rat NR2D subunit and characterized as reported previously (Dunah et al., 1996). This antibody along with previously characterized subunit-specific antibodies against NR1 (Luo et al., 1997), NR2A (Wang et al ...
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
... involved. Thus far, scientists have identified signals that permit puberty to occur or progress, but do not cause puberty. We call these ‘permissive’ signals. Researchers have made much progress toward identifying the permissive signals and locating their respective sensors. Not surprisingly, the pe ...
... involved. Thus far, scientists have identified signals that permit puberty to occur or progress, but do not cause puberty. We call these ‘permissive’ signals. Researchers have made much progress toward identifying the permissive signals and locating their respective sensors. Not surprisingly, the pe ...
From Lesions to Leptin: Review Hypothalamic Control of Food
... hormone is thought to be anorectic, it is likely that lateral hypothalamic area neurons are influenced by physiological stimuli to integrate body weight and food intake. It is not known whether the same lateral hypothalamic neurons can express corticotropin releasing hormone during dehydration and M ...
... hormone is thought to be anorectic, it is likely that lateral hypothalamic area neurons are influenced by physiological stimuli to integrate body weight and food intake. It is not known whether the same lateral hypothalamic neurons can express corticotropin releasing hormone during dehydration and M ...
central effects of centripetal impulses in axons of spinal ventral roots
... (i.e., 150 micra) deeper, as is shown in records c, the discharges of the neuron were no longer apparent at the amplification employed but the action potentials of a second neuron, which discharged 4-5 times, were recorded. At a position intermediate between the two points (records b), small potenti ...
... (i.e., 150 micra) deeper, as is shown in records c, the discharges of the neuron were no longer apparent at the amplification employed but the action potentials of a second neuron, which discharged 4-5 times, were recorded. At a position intermediate between the two points (records b), small potenti ...
Word Definition 12 Cranial Nerve innervation of
... the posterior cingulate gyrus. These areas project to entorhinal cortex and to pre- and post-subiculum, and thereby to the hippocampus. Mitosis in the CNS that results in one post-mitotic cell and one cell that remains in the cell cycle. The post-mitotic cell migrates towards its final location. Man ...
... the posterior cingulate gyrus. These areas project to entorhinal cortex and to pre- and post-subiculum, and thereby to the hippocampus. Mitosis in the CNS that results in one post-mitotic cell and one cell that remains in the cell cycle. The post-mitotic cell migrates towards its final location. Man ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.