All-Optical Interrogation of Neural Circuits
... populations of neurons with millisecond precision, even on the level of single neurons. However, these two revolutions have proceeded more or less in parallel, and it has proven very difficult to combine readout and manipulation of the same cells, and thus achieve fully “all-optical” interrogation o ...
... populations of neurons with millisecond precision, even on the level of single neurons. However, these two revolutions have proceeded more or less in parallel, and it has proven very difficult to combine readout and manipulation of the same cells, and thus achieve fully “all-optical” interrogation o ...
Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after
... The receptive ®eld of each neuron was tested systematically using a range of different stimuli. The cutaneous facial and cervical receptive ®eld, including the cornea, was assessed in all three trigeminal innervation territories and upper cervical roots, respectively. Additionally, input from subocc ...
... The receptive ®eld of each neuron was tested systematically using a range of different stimuli. The cutaneous facial and cervical receptive ®eld, including the cornea, was assessed in all three trigeminal innervation territories and upper cervical roots, respectively. Additionally, input from subocc ...
Guided outgrowth of leech neurons in culture
... to the bottom of open silicone chambers (diameter 6 mm, Flexiperm-Mikro 12, Heraeus, Hanau). We removed individual cells from the group of large sensory neurons (N, T and P) at the ventral side of the segmental ganglia of the leech [3] and plated them on the coated coverslip in L-15 medium (Gibco) w ...
... to the bottom of open silicone chambers (diameter 6 mm, Flexiperm-Mikro 12, Heraeus, Hanau). We removed individual cells from the group of large sensory neurons (N, T and P) at the ventral side of the segmental ganglia of the leech [3] and plated them on the coated coverslip in L-15 medium (Gibco) w ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... cord to one or more muscle fibers (figure 18.1). The impulses conducted by these motor neurons stimulate skeletal muscle fibers, causing them to contract. Contraction continues until neuron impulses cease to stimulate the muscle fiber. By contrast, the ANS uses a pathway that includes a two-neuron c ...
... cord to one or more muscle fibers (figure 18.1). The impulses conducted by these motor neurons stimulate skeletal muscle fibers, causing them to contract. Contraction continues until neuron impulses cease to stimulate the muscle fiber. By contrast, the ANS uses a pathway that includes a two-neuron c ...
Intracellular calcium concentration and calcium transport in
... varying the NaCl content. Calcium extrusion experiments are performed in TCI99 at 37°C. Calcium-sensitive microelectrodes are made according to methodology employed by Jacob, 4 and suitable electrodes are in the resistance range of 80200 megohms. All electrodes, voltage and ion-sensitive, are calibr ...
... varying the NaCl content. Calcium extrusion experiments are performed in TCI99 at 37°C. Calcium-sensitive microelectrodes are made according to methodology employed by Jacob, 4 and suitable electrodes are in the resistance range of 80200 megohms. All electrodes, voltage and ion-sensitive, are calibr ...
Neurobiology of Pain - Lewis Mehl
... Nociceptors • Nociceptors, one type of somatosensory receptors, are the first order neurons of pain pathways. – Free nerve endings ...
... Nociceptors • Nociceptors, one type of somatosensory receptors, are the first order neurons of pain pathways. – Free nerve endings ...
Olfactory tract transection in neonatal rats: Evidence for Mitral cell
... and anatomical changes during the first few weeks of postnatal life14-17. Olfactory tract transection (OTT) at this stage causes a wide range of functional and cytoarchitectural changes. However, the tract is capable of undergoing regeneration and thus sparing the behavioural abnormality as shown in ...
... and anatomical changes during the first few weeks of postnatal life14-17. Olfactory tract transection (OTT) at this stage causes a wide range of functional and cytoarchitectural changes. However, the tract is capable of undergoing regeneration and thus sparing the behavioural abnormality as shown in ...
L - Oxford Academic
... ultrastructural characteristics. Some motor axons possess both facilitating and nonfacilitating synapses. The proportion of the different types of synapse associated with a motor axon probably determines in large measure the properties of the postsynaptic potentials evoked by that axon. Pre-synaptic ...
... ultrastructural characteristics. Some motor axons possess both facilitating and nonfacilitating synapses. The proportion of the different types of synapse associated with a motor axon probably determines in large measure the properties of the postsynaptic potentials evoked by that axon. Pre-synaptic ...
Brain Oscillations Control Timing of Single
... 5Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel ...
... 5Functional Neurosurgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel ...
Central Neuropeptide Y Signaling Ameliorates N
... Abstract—Neuropeptide Y is a potent inhibitory neurotransmitter expressed in the central neurons that control blood pressure. NO also serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and its deficit causes sympathetic overactivity, which then contributes to hypertension. This study tested the hypothesis th ...
... Abstract—Neuropeptide Y is a potent inhibitory neurotransmitter expressed in the central neurons that control blood pressure. NO also serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and its deficit causes sympathetic overactivity, which then contributes to hypertension. This study tested the hypothesis th ...
Module 3 and 4 Practice Test
... 6. As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming ...
... 6. As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming ...
Extracellular voltage threshold settings can be tuned for optimal
... topographical representation of its relevant parameters. By applying our method of sweeping the threshold, we were able to predict the relative optimal thresholds for the parameters orientation and contrast of a visual stimulus. We conclude that the type and quality of information that can be extrac ...
... topographical representation of its relevant parameters. By applying our method of sweeping the threshold, we were able to predict the relative optimal thresholds for the parameters orientation and contrast of a visual stimulus. We conclude that the type and quality of information that can be extrac ...
18
... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... (see Schofield, Chap. 9). OC neurons are named by their origins in the superior olivary complex and terminations in the cochlea (Fig. 2.1). In the cochlea, they innervate the hair cells and auditory-nerve fibers. This chapter mainly covers the new ground on OC anatomy in mammals since Warr’s (1992) ...
... (see Schofield, Chap. 9). OC neurons are named by their origins in the superior olivary complex and terminations in the cochlea (Fig. 2.1). In the cochlea, they innervate the hair cells and auditory-nerve fibers. This chapter mainly covers the new ground on OC anatomy in mammals since Warr’s (1992) ...
Neurons in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Multiplex
... appeared (Fig. 1). The monkey had half a second to inspect these stimuli with unrestrained gaze. After this inspection period, a small yellow square (fixation point) appeared at the center of the screen. Once monkeys had Figure 1. Schematic of eight-target saccade choice task and recording location. ...
... appeared (Fig. 1). The monkey had half a second to inspect these stimuli with unrestrained gaze. After this inspection period, a small yellow square (fixation point) appeared at the center of the screen. Once monkeys had Figure 1. Schematic of eight-target saccade choice task and recording location. ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... has seen a revival in the last decade (Buzsáki et al., 2012; Einevoll et al., 2013). This signal, which results from transmembrane currents in thousands or more cells in the neural tissue surrounding the recording contact, is generally difficult to interpret, and a detailed mathematical analysis is ne ...
... has seen a revival in the last decade (Buzsáki et al., 2012; Einevoll et al., 2013). This signal, which results from transmembrane currents in thousands or more cells in the neural tissue surrounding the recording contact, is generally difficult to interpret, and a detailed mathematical analysis is ne ...
Mapping Retinotopic Structure in Mouse Visual Cortex with Optical
... To illustrate the overall organization of the entire retinotopic map, we used a color code for stimulus position (Fig. 1 A, F ). Each pixel within the map was assigned the color of the stimulus position, which had elicited the largest response at that point in the cortex (peak position projection; s ...
... To illustrate the overall organization of the entire retinotopic map, we used a color code for stimulus position (Fig. 1 A, F ). Each pixel within the map was assigned the color of the stimulus position, which had elicited the largest response at that point in the cortex (peak position projection; s ...
Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition
... magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans indicate that taste activates an area of the anterior insula/frontal operculum, which is probably the primary taste cortex (24, 43, 82, 163, 167). This area is generally found at coordinates between Y = 10 and Y = 20. Figure 3 illustrates the primary taste ...
... magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans indicate that taste activates an area of the anterior insula/frontal operculum, which is probably the primary taste cortex (24, 43, 82, 163, 167). This area is generally found at coordinates between Y = 10 and Y = 20. Figure 3 illustrates the primary taste ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... has seen a revival in the last decade (Buzsáki et al., 2012; Einevoll et al., 2013). This signal, which results from transmembrane currents in thousands or more cells in the neural tissue surrounding the recording contact, is generally difficult to interpret, and a detailed mathematical analysis is ne ...
... has seen a revival in the last decade (Buzsáki et al., 2012; Einevoll et al., 2013). This signal, which results from transmembrane currents in thousands or more cells in the neural tissue surrounding the recording contact, is generally difficult to interpret, and a detailed mathematical analysis is ne ...
UNC-119 suppresses axon branching
... terminus of the full-length UNC-119 protein. Similarly, the Punc47::UNC-119cDNA:GFP (pKK12) reporter was prepared by PCR amplifying a fragment from the plasmid ‘unc-119 cDNA5′ using these same primers. Ligations were performed as with pKK11. Punc-47::UNC-119cDNA:GFP (pKK12) contained the GFP reporte ...
... terminus of the full-length UNC-119 protein. Similarly, the Punc47::UNC-119cDNA:GFP (pKK12) reporter was prepared by PCR amplifying a fragment from the plasmid ‘unc-119 cDNA5′ using these same primers. Ligations were performed as with pKK11. Punc-47::UNC-119cDNA:GFP (pKK12) contained the GFP reporte ...
Information processing in the cortex: The relevance of coherent oscillations for neuronal communication
... reversal potential, because then the effect of synaptic input was always hyperpolarizing during the time course of an active potential and its repolarization. Second, the ratio between the synaptic decay time constant (τsyn ) and the oscillation period had to be sufficiently large, because with smal ...
... reversal potential, because then the effect of synaptic input was always hyperpolarizing during the time course of an active potential and its repolarization. Second, the ratio between the synaptic decay time constant (τsyn ) and the oscillation period had to be sufficiently large, because with smal ...
Visual and Oculomotor Functions of Monkey Subthalamic Nucleus
... task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while the monkey was fixating. The depression at of the magneticsearch-coiltechnique ( Robinson 1963) . The behavioraltasksaswell asstora ...
... task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while the monkey was fixating. The depression at of the magneticsearch-coiltechnique ( Robinson 1963) . The behavioraltasksaswell asstora ...
Neurons in red nucleus and primary motor cortex exhibit similar
... so that all values were greater or equal to zero. Significance of directional tuning was determined using a nonparametric ‘‘bootstrapping’’ test (Scott and Kalaska, 1997), in which the distance of the center mass from the origin (i.e., magnitude of the centroid) was compared with bootstrap values of ...
... so that all values were greater or equal to zero. Significance of directional tuning was determined using a nonparametric ‘‘bootstrapping’’ test (Scott and Kalaska, 1997), in which the distance of the center mass from the origin (i.e., magnitude of the centroid) was compared with bootstrap values of ...
Nerve Growth Factor: Cellular localization and regulation of synthesis
... In many parts of the central and peripheral nervous system it has been established that both neuronal and nonoeuronal target cells have an important influence on the development and maintenance of innervating neurons (cf. Cowan et al. , 1984; Thoenen and Edgar, 1985). For the peripheral sympathetic ...
... In many parts of the central and peripheral nervous system it has been established that both neuronal and nonoeuronal target cells have an important influence on the development and maintenance of innervating neurons (cf. Cowan et al. , 1984; Thoenen and Edgar, 1985). For the peripheral sympathetic ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.