Sensitization of the Trigeminal Sensory System During Different
... measurements, the mineral oil was washed out and then 20 µL of capsaicin containing 6 µg of capsaicin (3 mg capsaicin dissolved in saline, ethanol and Tween 80 at 8:1:1 ratio by volume and then diluted 10-fold) was applied to the dura. After 5 minutes, the receptive fields were mapped as described a ...
... measurements, the mineral oil was washed out and then 20 µL of capsaicin containing 6 µg of capsaicin (3 mg capsaicin dissolved in saline, ethanol and Tween 80 at 8:1:1 ratio by volume and then diluted 10-fold) was applied to the dura. After 5 minutes, the receptive fields were mapped as described a ...
Perception of three-dimensional structure from motion
... of this reconstruction stage assigns depth values across the surface through the use of motion gradient information. This 3-D surface computation may operate within MT, or may utilize the cells in MST which have been previously shown to be selective to various gradients and patterns of motion26–30. ...
... of this reconstruction stage assigns depth values across the surface through the use of motion gradient information. This 3-D surface computation may operate within MT, or may utilize the cells in MST which have been previously shown to be selective to various gradients and patterns of motion26–30. ...
Differential GABAB Receptor Modulation of Ethanol Effects on
... pyramidale (proximal) subfield are enhanced to a greater extent by ethanol than GABAA IPSCs evoked in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare (distal) subfield (Weiner et al., 1997); however, the mechanisms that mediate the differential effect of ethanol on GABA currents evoked at these two pyramidal cell ...
... pyramidale (proximal) subfield are enhanced to a greater extent by ethanol than GABAA IPSCs evoked in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare (distal) subfield (Weiner et al., 1997); however, the mechanisms that mediate the differential effect of ethanol on GABA currents evoked at these two pyramidal cell ...
Pearson SA, Mouihate A, Pittman QJ, Whelan PJ
... we show that the bath application of AVP or OXT can evoke an increase in population bursting of motoneurons recorded from the lumbar ventral roots. By using antagonists for AVP and OXT, we found that these peptides were binding primarily to V1a and OXT receptors, respectively. Western blot analysis ...
... we show that the bath application of AVP or OXT can evoke an increase in population bursting of motoneurons recorded from the lumbar ventral roots. By using antagonists for AVP and OXT, we found that these peptides were binding primarily to V1a and OXT receptors, respectively. Western blot analysis ...
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... Grasping neurons Those neurons that discharged in response to the sight of a hand approaching and grasping an object, we named 'grasping' mirror neurons. Some grasping mirror neurons stopped firing almost immediately as the hand grabbed the object, others continued to discharge for a while after the ...
... Grasping neurons Those neurons that discharged in response to the sight of a hand approaching and grasping an object, we named 'grasping' mirror neurons. Some grasping mirror neurons stopped firing almost immediately as the hand grabbed the object, others continued to discharge for a while after the ...
New Concepts of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadotropin
... view holds that steroid hormones can exert permissive effects on signaling efficacy by modulating neurotransmitter receptor expression, intracellular second messenger production, and protein kinase activity. However, recent evidence has suggested that estrogen may also have the capacity to permit cr ...
... view holds that steroid hormones can exert permissive effects on signaling efficacy by modulating neurotransmitter receptor expression, intracellular second messenger production, and protein kinase activity. However, recent evidence has suggested that estrogen may also have the capacity to permit cr ...
Renal blood flow (RBF)
... passes close to the afferent arteriole, and together they form a specialized structure called the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Specialized epithelial cells in this portion of the distal tubule, called macula densa cells, sense the amount of NaCl (sodium chloride) in the tubular fluid. With an increase ...
... passes close to the afferent arteriole, and together they form a specialized structure called the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Specialized epithelial cells in this portion of the distal tubule, called macula densa cells, sense the amount of NaCl (sodium chloride) in the tubular fluid. With an increase ...
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... a Module 2-1 Neurons:The Body's Wiring The Structure of the Neuron LEARNING OBJECTIVES: EPCA.NEVI.2015.2.01 - Define what a neuron is, identify the parts of the neuron, and explain how neurons communicate with each other. KEYWORDS: Identify 23. During his first three years of life, Jason has develop ...
... a Module 2-1 Neurons:The Body's Wiring The Structure of the Neuron LEARNING OBJECTIVES: EPCA.NEVI.2015.2.01 - Define what a neuron is, identify the parts of the neuron, and explain how neurons communicate with each other. KEYWORDS: Identify 23. During his first three years of life, Jason has develop ...
Discovery of a Proneurogenic, Neuroprotective
... the number of BrdU+ cells was normalized against the volume of the dentate gyrus. Because we considered both increased proliferation and survival of newborn neurons to be important screening parameters, we conducted our screen over 7 days in order to detect molecules that might augment either proces ...
... the number of BrdU+ cells was normalized against the volume of the dentate gyrus. Because we considered both increased proliferation and survival of newborn neurons to be important screening parameters, we conducted our screen over 7 days in order to detect molecules that might augment either proces ...
Multimodal Integration in Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Provides an
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
A Confocal Laser Microscopic Study of Enkephalin
... The enkephalins, leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, and several C-terminal extended forms of enkephalin, have a widespreaddistribution in the CNS (Murakami et al., 1987;Mansour et al., 1988) and are concentrated in pain modulatory regions of the brainstem including the RVM (Khachaturian et al., 1983; W ...
... The enkephalins, leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, and several C-terminal extended forms of enkephalin, have a widespreaddistribution in the CNS (Murakami et al., 1987;Mansour et al., 1988) and are concentrated in pain modulatory regions of the brainstem including the RVM (Khachaturian et al., 1983; W ...
MS word - University of Kentucky
... contains axons of neurons innervating the pleopod musculature and sensory axons; the second root contains axons innervating phasic and tonic extensor musculature and sensory axons; and the third root, which leaves the nerve cord several millimeters caudal to the ganglion, contains axons innervating ...
... contains axons of neurons innervating the pleopod musculature and sensory axons; the second root contains axons innervating phasic and tonic extensor musculature and sensory axons; and the third root, which leaves the nerve cord several millimeters caudal to the ganglion, contains axons innervating ...
Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by
... hypothalamus (PVH) and lateral hypothalamus (LH), although none of these differences were significant when corrected for multiple comparisons. These results suggest that VTA-DA and VTA-GABA neurons receive largely similar input from different brain regions. VTA-DA and VTA-GABA Neurons Receive Input ...
... hypothalamus (PVH) and lateral hypothalamus (LH), although none of these differences were significant when corrected for multiple comparisons. These results suggest that VTA-DA and VTA-GABA neurons receive largely similar input from different brain regions. VTA-DA and VTA-GABA Neurons Receive Input ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... number of synaptic contacts within an endplate actually increases while the number of presynaptic axons innervating a given muscle fiber decreases. The observation that only one axon ends up taking over the entire NMJ suggested that there is a competition among the presynaptic inputs. Consistent wi ...
... number of synaptic contacts within an endplate actually increases while the number of presynaptic axons innervating a given muscle fiber decreases. The observation that only one axon ends up taking over the entire NMJ suggested that there is a competition among the presynaptic inputs. Consistent wi ...
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates
... most closely to this ideal. Although it is usually assumed that only one transmitter is released at a given junction, it is conceivable that two or more substances having significantly different actions may be released, in which case the criterion of identity of action (1250) could not be easily app ...
... most closely to this ideal. Although it is usually assumed that only one transmitter is released at a given junction, it is conceivable that two or more substances having significantly different actions may be released, in which case the criterion of identity of action (1250) could not be easily app ...
Diversity of reporter expression patterns in transgenic mouse lines
... populations of CRH cells in a number of fundamental physiological and pathological phenomena (21). These include stress-related anxiety (22), memory problems (23, 24), addiction-relapse (25, 26), PTSD (22), and potentially other stress-associated conditions such as anhedonia and anorexia nervosa. Ac ...
... populations of CRH cells in a number of fundamental physiological and pathological phenomena (21). These include stress-related anxiety (22), memory problems (23, 24), addiction-relapse (25, 26), PTSD (22), and potentially other stress-associated conditions such as anhedonia and anorexia nervosa. Ac ...
empathize with fictional characters
... There is also a functional argument linking mirror neurons to language. Indeed, well before mirror neurons were discovered, some linguists proposed that for communication to occur, there must be a common code between the sender and the receiver of a message (Liberman et al. 1967; Liberman and Mattin ...
... There is also a functional argument linking mirror neurons to language. Indeed, well before mirror neurons were discovered, some linguists proposed that for communication to occur, there must be a common code between the sender and the receiver of a message (Liberman et al. 1967; Liberman and Mattin ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... excitatory and/or indirect inhibitory inputs from descending corticospinal axons. The convergence of these descending inhibitory and excitatory inputs to Clarke’s column neurons established local spinal circuits with the capacity to mark or modulate incoming proprioceptive input. Together, our genet ...
... excitatory and/or indirect inhibitory inputs from descending corticospinal axons. The convergence of these descending inhibitory and excitatory inputs to Clarke’s column neurons established local spinal circuits with the capacity to mark or modulate incoming proprioceptive input. Together, our genet ...
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... TOP: MOD: 2.1 REF: Neurons: The Body’s Wiring MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4-Explain difference between agonists and antagonists; describe their effects on neurotransmitters. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 45. Which of the following describes the function of dopamine in the brain? a) It is the neurotransmitter that ...
... TOP: MOD: 2.1 REF: Neurons: The Body’s Wiring MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4-Explain difference between agonists and antagonists; describe their effects on neurotransmitters. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 45. Which of the following describes the function of dopamine in the brain? a) It is the neurotransmitter that ...
Amo, Neuron, 2014
... lateral habenula (LHb). In mammals, LHb neurons are phasically activated to negative or aversive emotional events or by situations where the outcome does not match the initial expectation, suggesting a role in transmitting antireward and aversive information (Matsumoto and Hikosaka, 2007, 2009). LHb ...
... lateral habenula (LHb). In mammals, LHb neurons are phasically activated to negative or aversive emotional events or by situations where the outcome does not match the initial expectation, suggesting a role in transmitting antireward and aversive information (Matsumoto and Hikosaka, 2007, 2009). LHb ...
Cable and Compartmental Models of Dendritic Trees
... A typical dendritic tree receives approximately ten thousand synaptic inputs distributed over the dendritic surface. When activated, each of these inputs produces a local conductance change for specific ions at the postsynaptic membrane, followed by a flow of the corresponding ion current between th ...
... A typical dendritic tree receives approximately ten thousand synaptic inputs distributed over the dendritic surface. When activated, each of these inputs produces a local conductance change for specific ions at the postsynaptic membrane, followed by a flow of the corresponding ion current between th ...
PDF - Folia Biologica
... and in the majority of cells give rise to many long horizontally and vertically oriented axonal collaterals, which can extend up to the distance of 900–1000 μm from the cell body. Their smaller side branches terminate in pericellular baskets around somata and proximal dendrites of other neurons (per ...
... and in the majority of cells give rise to many long horizontally and vertically oriented axonal collaterals, which can extend up to the distance of 900–1000 μm from the cell body. Their smaller side branches terminate in pericellular baskets around somata and proximal dendrites of other neurons (per ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.