Long thought to be solely the BRAIN`S COORDINATOR of body
... about the youngsters’ immediate world. But rats tend to get into trouble using their mouths. The fractured structure of the touch maps in the cerebellum supported the idea that the region was somehow comparing the sensory data coming from the multiple body parts used by each animal to explore its wo ...
... about the youngsters’ immediate world. But rats tend to get into trouble using their mouths. The fractured structure of the touch maps in the cerebellum supported the idea that the region was somehow comparing the sensory data coming from the multiple body parts used by each animal to explore its wo ...
Search Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School The
... Astrocytes are connected to each other by unidirectional gap junctions that allow the exchange of many biologically important molecules (21, 22). Astrocyte to astrocyte unidirectional transfer of unbound cytoplasmic Ca2+ occurs through gap junctions during calcium wave generation (23). The presence ...
... Astrocytes are connected to each other by unidirectional gap junctions that allow the exchange of many biologically important molecules (21, 22). Astrocyte to astrocyte unidirectional transfer of unbound cytoplasmic Ca2+ occurs through gap junctions during calcium wave generation (23). The presence ...
Document
... • Is a mass of hundreds to thousands of smooth muscle fibers that contract as a single unit • The fibers are aranged in sheets or bundles and their cell membranes are adherent to one another at multiple points so that force generated in one muscle fiber can be transmitted to the next • The cell memb ...
... • Is a mass of hundreds to thousands of smooth muscle fibers that contract as a single unit • The fibers are aranged in sheets or bundles and their cell membranes are adherent to one another at multiple points so that force generated in one muscle fiber can be transmitted to the next • The cell memb ...
AANEM Glossary of Terms in Neuromuscular
... latency is more constant. Usually occurs before the F wave, but may occur afterwards. Thought to be due to extra discharges in the nerve, ephapses, or axonal branching. This term is preferred over axon reflex, axon wave, or axon response. Compare with the F wave. absolute refractory period See refra ...
... latency is more constant. Usually occurs before the F wave, but may occur afterwards. Thought to be due to extra discharges in the nerve, ephapses, or axonal branching. This term is preferred over axon reflex, axon wave, or axon response. Compare with the F wave. absolute refractory period See refra ...
Development and organization of glial cells in the peripheral
... small campaniform sensilla in the hinge region. The costal nerve (c) collects axons from the costal neurons. Glial nuclei are located around the L1, L3 and costal nerves (arrows). Often one glial nucleus is present at the L1-L3 junction (open arrowhead). On average 10 stained nuclei are present betw ...
... small campaniform sensilla in the hinge region. The costal nerve (c) collects axons from the costal neurons. Glial nuclei are located around the L1, L3 and costal nerves (arrows). Often one glial nucleus is present at the L1-L3 junction (open arrowhead). On average 10 stained nuclei are present betw ...
Accelerating axonal growth promotes motor
... complete transection of the nerve, generally have a poor outcome with, in particular, minimal clinically meaningful motor recovery (5–7). One proposed explanation for this is that the injury-induced increase in intrinsic axonal growth is too slow; as a consequence, by the time axons reach distal den ...
... complete transection of the nerve, generally have a poor outcome with, in particular, minimal clinically meaningful motor recovery (5–7). One proposed explanation for this is that the injury-induced increase in intrinsic axonal growth is too slow; as a consequence, by the time axons reach distal den ...
The non-classical auditory pathways are involved in hearing in
... We interpreted our results as signs of involvement of the non-classical pathways that diminished with age, thus probably a sign of normal maturation. The fact that some of the individuals that we studied experienced an increase in loudness when their median nerve was stimulated while a few individua ...
... We interpreted our results as signs of involvement of the non-classical pathways that diminished with age, thus probably a sign of normal maturation. The fact that some of the individuals that we studied experienced an increase in loudness when their median nerve was stimulated while a few individua ...
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... synthesis of norepinephrine (NE) and the storage of measurable amounts of NE. These neurons also retain a high affinity uptake system for NE; despite this, the majority of the synaptic vesicles remain clear even after incubation in catecholamines. The present study shows, however, that if these neur ...
... synthesis of norepinephrine (NE) and the storage of measurable amounts of NE. These neurons also retain a high affinity uptake system for NE; despite this, the majority of the synaptic vesicles remain clear even after incubation in catecholamines. The present study shows, however, that if these neur ...
166 - UCSF Physiology - University of California, San Francisco
... use of a null allele of 1 integrin gene (Stephens et al., 1995) and generated heterozygous animals with one null allele and one Figure 1. emx1–cre induces recombination in excitatory but not inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus. a– c, Confocal conditional allele. This ensures the effi- micrographs ...
... use of a null allele of 1 integrin gene (Stephens et al., 1995) and generated heterozygous animals with one null allele and one Figure 1. emx1–cre induces recombination in excitatory but not inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus. a– c, Confocal conditional allele. This ensures the effi- micrographs ...
Neurokinin B Signaling in the Female Rat: a Novel
... whereas senktide-induced LH pulses are prevented by a kisspeptin receptor (GPR54, also Kiss1R) antagonist (34), suggesting that local (ARC) NKB release is functionally upstream of subsequent biphasic regulation of the GnRH pulse generator, which is modulated by estradiol (E2)-negative feedback. The ...
... whereas senktide-induced LH pulses are prevented by a kisspeptin receptor (GPR54, also Kiss1R) antagonist (34), suggesting that local (ARC) NKB release is functionally upstream of subsequent biphasic regulation of the GnRH pulse generator, which is modulated by estradiol (E2)-negative feedback. The ...
N.L. Strominger et al. Cerebellum, in Noback`s Human
... fibers) that remain within the granular layer and have large terminal rosettes within other glomeruli contacting granule cell dendrites as well as dendrioles of other unipolar brush cells, thus amplifying the excitatory effect of the extrinsic mossy fibers and potentiating vestibular signals and sen ...
... fibers) that remain within the granular layer and have large terminal rosettes within other glomeruli contacting granule cell dendrites as well as dendrioles of other unipolar brush cells, thus amplifying the excitatory effect of the extrinsic mossy fibers and potentiating vestibular signals and sen ...
Spinal Cord Neural Modeling for Clinical Applications
... spinal cord via two pathways: (1) by exciting long A-β fibers that synapse in the brain, thereby activating descending inhibitory influences on spinal circuits; (2) through retrograde activation of A-β fibers that branch and synapse on the spinal circuitry at lower segmental levels (De Andres et al. ...
... spinal cord via two pathways: (1) by exciting long A-β fibers that synapse in the brain, thereby activating descending inhibitory influences on spinal circuits; (2) through retrograde activation of A-β fibers that branch and synapse on the spinal circuitry at lower segmental levels (De Andres et al. ...
Patterns of neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex
... using time-lapse imaging in slice cultures have demonstrated that neurons generated in the cortical proliferative zones at later stages of development pass through a series of distinct migrational stages characterized by abrupt changes in cell shape, direction of movement, and speed of migration as ...
... using time-lapse imaging in slice cultures have demonstrated that neurons generated in the cortical proliferative zones at later stages of development pass through a series of distinct migrational stages characterized by abrupt changes in cell shape, direction of movement, and speed of migration as ...
Spike-Timing Theory of Working Memory
... of one representation spreads to others, resulting in uncontrollable epileptic-like ‘‘runaway excitation’’. The narrow memory content is at odds with experimental findings that neurons participate in many different neural circuits (see e.g. [16–18]) and, therefore, are part of many distinct represen ...
... of one representation spreads to others, resulting in uncontrollable epileptic-like ‘‘runaway excitation’’. The narrow memory content is at odds with experimental findings that neurons participate in many different neural circuits (see e.g. [16–18]) and, therefore, are part of many distinct represen ...
Perceptual Biases and Mate Choice
... and compared. Feature extraction is modality specific. However, with sufficient information about the postreceptor processing, sensory biologists have been able to estimate how similar and dissimilar stimuli may be perceived by an animal. For instance, olfactory cues are processed first by the receptor ...
... and compared. Feature extraction is modality specific. However, with sufficient information about the postreceptor processing, sensory biologists have been able to estimate how similar and dissimilar stimuli may be perceived by an animal. For instance, olfactory cues are processed first by the receptor ...
Genetic Diversity of Principal Neurons in the Hippocampus
... sleep, leading to a transfer of newly acquired representations from the hippocampus to neocortex to form long-term memories. Recent studies have provided evidence that the hippocampus plays an important role especially in spatial representation and spatial memory in several mammalian species (Moser ...
... sleep, leading to a transfer of newly acquired representations from the hippocampus to neocortex to form long-term memories. Recent studies have provided evidence that the hippocampus plays an important role especially in spatial representation and spatial memory in several mammalian species (Moser ...
Lights, Camembert, Action! - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... (glucose), an affectively neutral taste (control tasteless solution), or by an aversive taste (saline). Significant effects were found in anterior OFC during anticipation, as well as receipt of, reward. These results have subsequently been confirmed in other paradigms, using different types of rewar ...
... (glucose), an affectively neutral taste (control tasteless solution), or by an aversive taste (saline). Significant effects were found in anterior OFC during anticipation, as well as receipt of, reward. These results have subsequently been confirmed in other paradigms, using different types of rewar ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... The superior colliculus also receives extensive cortical inputs. The superficial layers receive input from the visual cortex, while deeper layers receive projections from many other areas of the cerebral cortex. These deep layers have the same map of the visual field found in the superficial layers, ...
... The superior colliculus also receives extensive cortical inputs. The superficial layers receive input from the visual cortex, while deeper layers receive projections from many other areas of the cerebral cortex. These deep layers have the same map of the visual field found in the superficial layers, ...
Functional Organization of Ferret Auditory Cortex
... and only cases for which the ISI revealed a clear refractory period were classed as single units. For a minority of recordings, we were unable to demonstrate a refractory period and, in these cases, the unit was classified as a ‘small cluster’. We saw no evidence for differences in the response prope ...
... and only cases for which the ISI revealed a clear refractory period were classed as single units. For a minority of recordings, we were unable to demonstrate a refractory period and, in these cases, the unit was classified as a ‘small cluster’. We saw no evidence for differences in the response prope ...
Contributions of the Basal Amygdala Nuclei to Conditioned Fear
... Unit recordings. Rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and administered atropine methyl nitrate (0.05 mg/kg, i.m.) to reduce secretions and aid breathing. In aseptic conditions, rats were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus with nonpuncture ear bars. A local anesthetic (bupivacaine, subcutaneous) was ...
... Unit recordings. Rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and administered atropine methyl nitrate (0.05 mg/kg, i.m.) to reduce secretions and aid breathing. In aseptic conditions, rats were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus with nonpuncture ear bars. A local anesthetic (bupivacaine, subcutaneous) was ...
Applauding with Closed Hands: Neural Signature of Action
... The technique of ERPs is a precise tool regarding time resolution (on the order of milliseconds) that incorporates the recording of ongoing electrophysiological activity using electroencephalography (EEG). ERPs result from the synchronous activation of neural subpopulations that occur in response to ...
... The technique of ERPs is a precise tool regarding time resolution (on the order of milliseconds) that incorporates the recording of ongoing electrophysiological activity using electroencephalography (EEG). ERPs result from the synchronous activation of neural subpopulations that occur in response to ...
Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
... associated with a response (R). E.g. the sight of food stimulates salivation. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - sensory input having no previous correlation with a response but which becomes associated with it. E.g. Pavlov’s bell. Keith L. Downing ...
... associated with a response (R). E.g. the sight of food stimulates salivation. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - sensory input having no previous correlation with a response but which becomes associated with it. E.g. Pavlov’s bell. Keith L. Downing ...
- Wiley Online Library
... attempt to reconnect with its target by regeneration. Successful axonal regeneration can be defined as the ability of a severed axon to re-establish connectivity with its target. This can happen through precise regrowth of the axon (proximal fragment) from the injury site toward its target following ...
... attempt to reconnect with its target by regeneration. Successful axonal regeneration can be defined as the ability of a severed axon to re-establish connectivity with its target. This can happen through precise regrowth of the axon (proximal fragment) from the injury site toward its target following ...
Sympathetic innervation of human muscle spindles
... Selected air-dried sections were postfixed in 3% (for NPY) and 2% (for TH) paraformaldehyde, respectively, and rehydrated in 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.05% Tween. Airdried sections designated to be treated with the other primary antibodies were rehydrated in 0.01 M PBS. Then ...
... Selected air-dried sections were postfixed in 3% (for NPY) and 2% (for TH) paraformaldehyde, respectively, and rehydrated in 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.05% Tween. Airdried sections designated to be treated with the other primary antibodies were rehydrated in 0.01 M PBS. Then ...
Human Economic Choice as Costly Information Processing
... to press a left button to indicate that the number is less than 55 and a right button to indicate that the number is greater than 55. An interpretation of the process is as follows. The human brain forms a spatial representation of numerical magnitudes. A comparison stimulus is presented on a scree ...
... to press a left button to indicate that the number is less than 55 and a right button to indicate that the number is greater than 55. An interpretation of the process is as follows. The human brain forms a spatial representation of numerical magnitudes. A comparison stimulus is presented on a scree ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.