Chapter 18
... and roles of sensory tracts, motor tracts, and reflexes are explained. The 31 pairs of spinal nerves are identified and their protective coverings and their attachments to the spinal cord are described. The distribution of spinal nerves (i.e., branches, plexuses, and intercostal nerves) is portrayed ...
... and roles of sensory tracts, motor tracts, and reflexes are explained. The 31 pairs of spinal nerves are identified and their protective coverings and their attachments to the spinal cord are described. The distribution of spinal nerves (i.e., branches, plexuses, and intercostal nerves) is portrayed ...
Local functions for FMRP in axon growth cone motility and activity
... Received 27 July 2005; revised 31 January 2006; accepted 14 February 2006 Available online 2 May 2006 ...
... Received 27 July 2005; revised 31 January 2006; accepted 14 February 2006 Available online 2 May 2006 ...
Schwartz
... blocks was separated by a 95 s inter-block interval, during which images were digitized at 12-bit resolution and stored on the hard drive. Electrophysiology and Iontophoresis Epidural electrocorticography (ECoG) was monitored with two AgCl electrodes on either side of the craniotomy, ∼5 mm from the ...
... blocks was separated by a 95 s inter-block interval, during which images were digitized at 12-bit resolution and stored on the hard drive. Electrophysiology and Iontophoresis Epidural electrocorticography (ECoG) was monitored with two AgCl electrodes on either side of the craniotomy, ∼5 mm from the ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
Amyloid Precursor Protein in Cortical Neurons: Coexistence of Two
... in culture contain transmembrane amyloid precursor protein (APP) capable of associating with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton through interactions requiring the presence of its C-terminal. These transmembrane APPs are not detectable at the surface of living cells. When neurons are fixed with par ...
... in culture contain transmembrane amyloid precursor protein (APP) capable of associating with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton through interactions requiring the presence of its C-terminal. These transmembrane APPs are not detectable at the surface of living cells. When neurons are fixed with par ...
Mapping Horizontal Spread of Activity in Monkey Motor
... Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ...
... Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ...
Functional Properties of Corticotectal Neurons in the Monkey`s
... had some form of activity that preceded visually guided saccadic eye movements, including a range of neuron activity from purely visual to purely movement related. It is clear there are signals in the frontal eye field that could drive saccadic eye movements and neural pathways by which these signal ...
... had some form of activity that preceded visually guided saccadic eye movements, including a range of neuron activity from purely visual to purely movement related. It is clear there are signals in the frontal eye field that could drive saccadic eye movements and neural pathways by which these signal ...
Locus coeruleus - Rice CAAM Department
... Psychiatric research has documented that enhanced noradrenergic postsynaptic responsiveness in the neuronal pathway (brain circuit) that originates in the locus coeruleus and end in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is a major factor in the pathophysiology of most stress-induced fear-circuitry ...
... Psychiatric research has documented that enhanced noradrenergic postsynaptic responsiveness in the neuronal pathway (brain circuit) that originates in the locus coeruleus and end in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is a major factor in the pathophysiology of most stress-induced fear-circuitry ...
paper - Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit
... the variables z1 , . . . ,zl representing a motor plan or motor commands to muscles. Recent publications show that human reasoning and learning can also be cast into the form of probabilistic inference problems [27–29]. In these models learning of concepts, ranging from concrete to more abstract one ...
... the variables z1 , . . . ,zl representing a motor plan or motor commands to muscles. Recent publications show that human reasoning and learning can also be cast into the form of probabilistic inference problems [27–29]. In these models learning of concepts, ranging from concrete to more abstract one ...
Synaptic Competition during the Reformation of a Neuromuscular Map
... Muscle contraction was prevented by raising the Mg concentration to 12–17 mM or by stretching the muscle. Intracellular recordings were made from muscle fibers of sectors II and III. Sector I was not systematically studied because the nerve crushes above this sector did not consistently denervate al ...
... Muscle contraction was prevented by raising the Mg concentration to 12–17 mM or by stretching the muscle. Intracellular recordings were made from muscle fibers of sectors II and III. Sector I was not systematically studied because the nerve crushes above this sector did not consistently denervate al ...
1 - Projeto Andar de Novo
... Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have been implicated in morphogen signaling during central nervous system patterning. HS structure often changes accompanying diverse physiological and pathological cellular states, such as differentiation and malignant transformation. D ...
... Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have been implicated in morphogen signaling during central nervous system patterning. HS structure often changes accompanying diverse physiological and pathological cellular states, such as differentiation and malignant transformation. D ...
Increased Expression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) in
... MPG on one side was surgically removed through a midline abdominal incision to interrupt axons of the pelvic visceral afferent cells in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. The incision was closed and the animals allowed to recover. In five of t ...
... MPG on one side was surgically removed through a midline abdominal incision to interrupt axons of the pelvic visceral afferent cells in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. The incision was closed and the animals allowed to recover. In five of t ...
Bayesian Spiking Neurons II: Learning
... Hebbian-style learning rules (Hebb, 1949) find such correlations (Hebb, 1984; Bishop, 1995; Bell & Sejnowski, 1995) and have strong experimental support (Bliss & Collingridge, 1993). However, recent evidence suggests that synaptic long-term plasticity rules depend not only on the average coactivatio ...
... Hebbian-style learning rules (Hebb, 1949) find such correlations (Hebb, 1984; Bishop, 1995; Bell & Sejnowski, 1995) and have strong experimental support (Bliss & Collingridge, 1993). However, recent evidence suggests that synaptic long-term plasticity rules depend not only on the average coactivatio ...
HLH-14 is a C. elegans Achaete-Scute protein that
... end of one hlh-14 transcript, designated hlh-14 Short; this cDNA represents the shortest hlh-14 transcript. We believe this is the 5′ end of the most common hlh-14 transcript because it is the only one we can amplify without a second nested reaction. The 5′ ends of two other transcripts were detecte ...
... end of one hlh-14 transcript, designated hlh-14 Short; this cDNA represents the shortest hlh-14 transcript. We believe this is the 5′ end of the most common hlh-14 transcript because it is the only one we can amplify without a second nested reaction. The 5′ ends of two other transcripts were detecte ...
Slides - Translational Neuromodeling Unit
... The BOLD signal is correlated to postsynaptic activity • The BOLD is correlated to both LFPs and spikes. • Controversy goes on: which of the two is more closely linked? • rCBF-increase can be independent from spiking activity, but so far no case has been found where it was independent of LFPs. ...
... The BOLD signal is correlated to postsynaptic activity • The BOLD is correlated to both LFPs and spikes. • Controversy goes on: which of the two is more closely linked? • rCBF-increase can be independent from spiking activity, but so far no case has been found where it was independent of LFPs. ...
MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN LACTATING RATS STIMULATES c
... c-fos after maternal behaviour in lactating rats overlaps with the population that expresses the 67,000 mol. wt isoform of glutamate decarboxlyase, the synthesizing enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Lactating rats were separated from pups beginning on day 5 postpartum, and 48 h later ...
... c-fos after maternal behaviour in lactating rats overlaps with the population that expresses the 67,000 mol. wt isoform of glutamate decarboxlyase, the synthesizing enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Lactating rats were separated from pups beginning on day 5 postpartum, and 48 h later ...
The Control of Rate and Timing of Spikes in the Deep Cerebellar
... potential required to yield realistic spike rates. Morpholog ical characteristics of recorded cells. C ell bodies were visualized in the slice with a Z eiss 63⫻ water immersion objective, and the image was captured on camera (Hamamatsu C2400) mounted on a 4⫻ phototube and displayed on a monitor. The ...
... potential required to yield realistic spike rates. Morpholog ical characteristics of recorded cells. C ell bodies were visualized in the slice with a Z eiss 63⫻ water immersion objective, and the image was captured on camera (Hamamatsu C2400) mounted on a 4⫻ phototube and displayed on a monitor. The ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
Integrative actions of the reticular formation The reticular activating
... (1949), end Linds~y (1950) demonstrated that midbrain destruction involving only the R.F., produced continuous sleep or coma and such cats could not be aroused. Transection of the midbrain, sparing only the R.F., preserved the aroused state. Numerous authors have mapped brain stem areas from which e ...
... (1949), end Linds~y (1950) demonstrated that midbrain destruction involving only the R.F., produced continuous sleep or coma and such cats could not be aroused. Transection of the midbrain, sparing only the R.F., preserved the aroused state. Numerous authors have mapped brain stem areas from which e ...
Encoding of Action History in the Rat Ventral Striatum
... value functions based on the reward prediction errors are not well understood. Clearly, this updating mechanism has to integrate multiple types of signals, such as value functions and reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory ...
... value functions based on the reward prediction errors are not well understood. Clearly, this updating mechanism has to integrate multiple types of signals, such as value functions and reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory ...
The Neurology of Music for Post-Traumatic-Stress
... neurologically impact the brain, and how music can be used as a tool to neurologically aid in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder impacts the hippocampus, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Music stimulates the hippoc ...
... neurologically impact the brain, and how music can be used as a tool to neurologically aid in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder impacts the hippocampus, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Music stimulates the hippoc ...
5.4.1 Coordinated Movement
... Control light entering the eye through the pupil: Contraction of radial muscles dilate the ...
... Control light entering the eye through the pupil: Contraction of radial muscles dilate the ...
Independent and Convergent Signals From the Pontomedullary
... that serve to stabilize the body or body segment during the execution of the movement itself. These postural responses are also anticipatory in nature because they occur before there is any possibility of feedback from the movement itself influencing the response (Massion 1992). They are referred to ...
... that serve to stabilize the body or body segment during the execution of the movement itself. These postural responses are also anticipatory in nature because they occur before there is any possibility of feedback from the movement itself influencing the response (Massion 1992). They are referred to ...
Bruenech, R., Ruskell, G., "Myotendinous Nerve Endings in Human
... usually fewer unmyelinated fibers, passed forward from distal muscle towards tendon. Many of them continued into tendon for a short distance but none were present beyond approximately 100 m (Fig. 2). Nerves shed their perineurium and most of the nerve fibers looped back towards muscle before losing ...
... usually fewer unmyelinated fibers, passed forward from distal muscle towards tendon. Many of them continued into tendon for a short distance but none were present beyond approximately 100 m (Fig. 2). Nerves shed their perineurium and most of the nerve fibers looped back towards muscle before losing ...
Production of nerve growth factor by
... We hypothesized that Ab exerts indirect neurotoxic effects by inducing astrocytic NGF production, which may act in concert with other inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), to induce hippocampal neuron degeneration. In the present paper, we report that Ab fragment 25–35 (designated here a ...
... We hypothesized that Ab exerts indirect neurotoxic effects by inducing astrocytic NGF production, which may act in concert with other inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), to induce hippocampal neuron degeneration. In the present paper, we report that Ab fragment 25–35 (designated here a ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.