the vagus nerve - European Medical Journal
... (EEC), the direct action of certain nutrients (e.g. short fatty acids23) (Figure 1A), and mechanoreceptor stimulation due to gastric distension (Figure 1B).24 Most afferent vagal endings in the mucosal lamina propria are thought to be chemoreceptors sensing the presence of hormones, peptides and nut ...
... (EEC), the direct action of certain nutrients (e.g. short fatty acids23) (Figure 1A), and mechanoreceptor stimulation due to gastric distension (Figure 1B).24 Most afferent vagal endings in the mucosal lamina propria are thought to be chemoreceptors sensing the presence of hormones, peptides and nut ...
Somatostatin-Expressing Inhibitory Interneurons in Cortical Circuits
... Cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, connectivity, and synaptic properties. Here, we review the function of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that ca ...
... Cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, connectivity, and synaptic properties. Here, we review the function of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that ca ...
Spinal Cord - HCC Learning Web
... Specific pathway followed by a nerve impulse in a reflex 5 components of reflex arc: – receptor that detects stimulus – sensory neuron that sends impulse to CNS – integrating center, the CNS – motor neuron that takes impulse away from CNS – effector that responds ...
... Specific pathway followed by a nerve impulse in a reflex 5 components of reflex arc: – receptor that detects stimulus – sensory neuron that sends impulse to CNS – integrating center, the CNS – motor neuron that takes impulse away from CNS – effector that responds ...
A Model of a Segmental Oscillator in the Leech Heartbeat Neuronal
... cord (Fig. 1A). The oscillations of the timing network originate from the activity of neuronal networks located in the third and fourth ganglia (Peterson, 1983a, 1983b). When isolated, either of these ganglia can produce oscillations similar in period and voltage waveform to those produced when the ...
... cord (Fig. 1A). The oscillations of the timing network originate from the activity of neuronal networks located in the third and fourth ganglia (Peterson, 1983a, 1983b). When isolated, either of these ganglia can produce oscillations similar in period and voltage waveform to those produced when the ...
Visual Experience Is Necessary for Maintenance But Not
... preservation of an early, unrefined state, but from a failure to maintain visual projections that were previously refined by spontaneous activity alone. Thus the extent to which spontaneous and visually driven activity contribute to the development and maintenance of stimulus specificity is unclear. ...
... preservation of an early, unrefined state, but from a failure to maintain visual projections that were previously refined by spontaneous activity alone. Thus the extent to which spontaneous and visually driven activity contribute to the development and maintenance of stimulus specificity is unclear. ...
Leptin Receptor Signaling and Action in the Central Nervous System
... db/db mice) in rodents and humans results in increased food intake in combination with a phenotype of reduced energy expenditure reminiscent of the neuroendocrine starvation response (1,2,4). Leptin also regulates insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis by two mechanisms: one by controlling ener ...
... db/db mice) in rodents and humans results in increased food intake in combination with a phenotype of reduced energy expenditure reminiscent of the neuroendocrine starvation response (1,2,4). Leptin also regulates insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis by two mechanisms: one by controlling ener ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... GABA, and a variety of neuropeptides (Box 2). Another caveat to these experiments is that TH mRNA expression has been observed in neurons with varying levels of vesicular monoamine transporter expression, raising the possibility that some TH positive neurons may not release dopamine through a classi ...
... GABA, and a variety of neuropeptides (Box 2). Another caveat to these experiments is that TH mRNA expression has been observed in neurons with varying levels of vesicular monoamine transporter expression, raising the possibility that some TH positive neurons may not release dopamine through a classi ...
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex
... areas, neurons that possess complex spectro-temporal sensitivities are often hypothesized to be candidates for specializations in function (Middlebrooks and Zook 1983, Sutter and Schreiner 1991, He et al 1997). In this regard we are particularly interested in the proposition that such neurons may re ...
... areas, neurons that possess complex spectro-temporal sensitivities are often hypothesized to be candidates for specializations in function (Middlebrooks and Zook 1983, Sutter and Schreiner 1991, He et al 1997). In this regard we are particularly interested in the proposition that such neurons may re ...
Nutrient and energy intakes for the European Community
... potassium excretion or urinary Na:K excretion ratios 4 . An adequate potassium intake is needed to achieve effective homoeostasis of sodium. Young normotensive men on a potassium intake of 10 mmoYd (390 mgld) were less able to excrete an imposed sodium excess than when they had a potassium intake of ...
... potassium excretion or urinary Na:K excretion ratios 4 . An adequate potassium intake is needed to achieve effective homoeostasis of sodium. Young normotensive men on a potassium intake of 10 mmoYd (390 mgld) were less able to excrete an imposed sodium excess than when they had a potassium intake of ...
LESSON 5.2 WORKBOOK How do drugs alter synaptic transmis-
... apse? This is because the output neurons from ___________________________________ the nucleus accumbens are actually inhibitory. ___________________________________ That is to say when they are activated they shut ___________________________________ down signaling in the regions they synapse Figure ...
... apse? This is because the output neurons from ___________________________________ the nucleus accumbens are actually inhibitory. ___________________________________ That is to say when they are activated they shut ___________________________________ down signaling in the regions they synapse Figure ...
Circadian Plasticity of Mammalian Inhibitory Interneurons
... In vertebrates, the majority of interneurons are inhibitory and they mainly release GABA. However, GABA can also act as an excitatory neurotransmitter. During brain development, GABA is the main excitatory neurotransmitter acting by GABA A receptors and cooperating with glutamate [12–16]. The effect ...
... In vertebrates, the majority of interneurons are inhibitory and they mainly release GABA. However, GABA can also act as an excitatory neurotransmitter. During brain development, GABA is the main excitatory neurotransmitter acting by GABA A receptors and cooperating with glutamate [12–16]. The effect ...
Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... in cat cortex. J Neurophysiol 90: 143–154, 2003. First published January 15, 2003; 10.1152/jn.01054.2002. Penfield’s sensory homunculus included visceral organs at its lateral extreme, and vagal input was recently identified lateral to the intraoral representation in primary somatosensory cortex (S1 ...
... in cat cortex. J Neurophysiol 90: 143–154, 2003. First published January 15, 2003; 10.1152/jn.01054.2002. Penfield’s sensory homunculus included visceral organs at its lateral extreme, and vagal input was recently identified lateral to the intraoral representation in primary somatosensory cortex (S1 ...
Midbrain fMRI: Applications, Limitations and Challenges
... A striking functional aspect of the anatomical organization of connectivity between the SN/VTA and striatum is to allow interfacing limbic, goal-directed and motorrelated information by anatomically integrating information across limbic, cogni tive and motor circuits in striato-nigro-striatal (SNS) ...
... A striking functional aspect of the anatomical organization of connectivity between the SN/VTA and striatum is to allow interfacing limbic, goal-directed and motorrelated information by anatomically integrating information across limbic, cogni tive and motor circuits in striato-nigro-striatal (SNS) ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and OX1R and/or OX2R are expressed in these regions. These findings suggest that the activity ...
... TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and OX1R and/or OX2R are expressed in these regions. These findings suggest that the activity ...
Introduction to Psychology
... potential. When sodium ions (Na⫹) that have a positive charge rush into the cell, its interior briefly becomes positive. This is the action potential. After the action potential, positive potassium ions (K⫹) flow out of the axon and restore its negative charge. (See Figure 2.3 for further explanatio ...
... potential. When sodium ions (Na⫹) that have a positive charge rush into the cell, its interior briefly becomes positive. This is the action potential. After the action potential, positive potassium ions (K⫹) flow out of the axon and restore its negative charge. (See Figure 2.3 for further explanatio ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... Figure 4. Increase of reward responses of amygdala neurons with increasing reward prediction (increasing instantaneous reward probability). Same code as in figure 3. (a) Single neuron. (b) Averaged population responses (n ¼ 25 neurons) (adapted from [55]). (Online version in colour.) depends on the ...
... Figure 4. Increase of reward responses of amygdala neurons with increasing reward prediction (increasing instantaneous reward probability). Same code as in figure 3. (a) Single neuron. (b) Averaged population responses (n ¼ 25 neurons) (adapted from [55]). (Online version in colour.) depends on the ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... within the mustached bat’s medial geniculate complex (Olsen, 1986). This arrangement undoubtedly reflects and also transforms the systematic pattern of best frequency prevailing in hindbrain and midbrain auditory centers (Pollak and Casseday, 1989). While a fovea may conserve one stimulus dimension ...
... within the mustached bat’s medial geniculate complex (Olsen, 1986). This arrangement undoubtedly reflects and also transforms the systematic pattern of best frequency prevailing in hindbrain and midbrain auditory centers (Pollak and Casseday, 1989). While a fovea may conserve one stimulus dimension ...
Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in
... laboratory and have been described in detail elsewhere (Jacobs and Nevin, 1991). Briefly, a computer-controlled, digitizing light microscope is used as the data entry device. Tissue containing a single dye-filled nerve cell is mounted on the microscope stage, and the operator controls the precise mo ...
... laboratory and have been described in detail elsewhere (Jacobs and Nevin, 1991). Briefly, a computer-controlled, digitizing light microscope is used as the data entry device. Tissue containing a single dye-filled nerve cell is mounted on the microscope stage, and the operator controls the precise mo ...
HEAD/NECK IV: Cranial Nerves
... • Head IV: Cranial nerves in depth Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves ...
... • Head IV: Cranial nerves in depth Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... those indices derived during each intervention, average activity representing the same population recorded throughout all interventions. The grouped data so derived are expressed as means ⫾ SD. SigmaStat ...
... those indices derived during each intervention, average activity representing the same population recorded throughout all interventions. The grouped data so derived are expressed as means ⫾ SD. SigmaStat ...
PDF
... corridor for the tangential migration of interneurons and it contains Cajal-Retzius neurons. Preplate (PP). A transient cell-dense structure, which was formerly termed the early MZ or primordial plexiform layer, that contains some of the earliest-born cortical neurons. It is split by incoming CP neu ...
... corridor for the tangential migration of interneurons and it contains Cajal-Retzius neurons. Preplate (PP). A transient cell-dense structure, which was formerly termed the early MZ or primordial plexiform layer, that contains some of the earliest-born cortical neurons. It is split by incoming CP neu ...
CNS Distribution of Members of the Two-Pore
... Two-pore-domain potassium (K ⫹) channels are substrates for resting K ⫹ currents in neurons. They are major targets for endogenous modulators, as well as for clinically important compounds such as volatile anesthetics. In the current study, we report on the CNS distribution in the rat and mouse of m ...
... Two-pore-domain potassium (K ⫹) channels are substrates for resting K ⫹ currents in neurons. They are major targets for endogenous modulators, as well as for clinically important compounds such as volatile anesthetics. In the current study, we report on the CNS distribution in the rat and mouse of m ...
doc PHGY311
... hypothalamic neuropeptides travel down the long hypophysial portal veins to the anterior pituitary, where they bind to specific cell surface G protein– coupled receptors and activate intracellular second-messenger cascades, resulting in the release of pituitary hormone from the respective target cel ...
... hypothalamic neuropeptides travel down the long hypophysial portal veins to the anterior pituitary, where they bind to specific cell surface G protein– coupled receptors and activate intracellular second-messenger cascades, resulting in the release of pituitary hormone from the respective target cel ...
Flowers under pressure: ins and outs of turgor regulation in
... Although turgor pressure is often thought to be uniform within a developing organ, it can be variable from cell to cell. It also can change dynamically depending on many intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as sugar metabolism, changes in the shapes of cells and tissues (including growth) and envir ...
... Although turgor pressure is often thought to be uniform within a developing organ, it can be variable from cell to cell. It also can change dynamically depending on many intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as sugar metabolism, changes in the shapes of cells and tissues (including growth) and envir ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.