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... The dendrites of the Perkinje cell branch out flat in one plane. In microscopic examination of material from the cerebellum it is possible to see synaptic Sympathetic cells. ...
... The dendrites of the Perkinje cell branch out flat in one plane. In microscopic examination of material from the cerebellum it is possible to see synaptic Sympathetic cells. ...
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... navigation with respect to more distant visual features may be processed in other brain areas. A high proportion of neurons in VIP respond to visual flowfield patterns; of these, most prefer expanding patterns to contracting patterns (5, 6). Many neurons have the same directional selectivity in both ...
... navigation with respect to more distant visual features may be processed in other brain areas. A high proportion of neurons in VIP respond to visual flowfield patterns; of these, most prefer expanding patterns to contracting patterns (5, 6). Many neurons have the same directional selectivity in both ...
Very short-term plasticity in hippocampal synapses
... displaying this type of modulation, Pf may facilitate relative to initial P but still facilitate less than Ps. Synapses that exhibit history dependent facilitation may or may not additionally express the inactivation seen in Fig. 2B. From the above discussion, it is clear that several modulatory fac ...
... displaying this type of modulation, Pf may facilitate relative to initial P but still facilitate less than Ps. Synapses that exhibit history dependent facilitation may or may not additionally express the inactivation seen in Fig. 2B. From the above discussion, it is clear that several modulatory fac ...
Context Dependency in the Globus Pallidus Internal Segment
... ms after return movement onset. Neurons were included in subsequent analyses if the event-related discharge differed significantly from baseline (small-sample test statistic t for the difference between two means, P ⬍ 0.05). In some cases (8/39), the change in discharge occurred after the presentati ...
... ms after return movement onset. Neurons were included in subsequent analyses if the event-related discharge differed significantly from baseline (small-sample test statistic t for the difference between two means, P ⬍ 0.05). In some cases (8/39), the change in discharge occurred after the presentati ...
Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat
... (1-4 Hz), (2) long duration action potential (>2 msec), (3) changes in activity directly correlated with changes in behavioral state and (4) subsequent histological localization in the DRN. Iontophoretic studies were conducted as follows: when a DRN unit was found, computer data collection was start ...
... (1-4 Hz), (2) long duration action potential (>2 msec), (3) changes in activity directly correlated with changes in behavioral state and (4) subsequent histological localization in the DRN. Iontophoretic studies were conducted as follows: when a DRN unit was found, computer data collection was start ...
A Double-labeling Investigation of the Afferent Connectivity to
... the region of overlap of the two populations of single-labeled neurons. We concluded from this observation that the two branches of a bifurcating axon terminate in cortical regions representing the same portion of the visual field. Since then, several experimental results have led us to revise this ...
... the region of overlap of the two populations of single-labeled neurons. We concluded from this observation that the two branches of a bifurcating axon terminate in cortical regions representing the same portion of the visual field. Since then, several experimental results have led us to revise this ...
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... have further engineered the Ube3a transgene to permit neuron subtype and brain region specific increases of Ube3a gene dosage to enable circuit mapping of the autism-associated behavioral defects. A detailed analysis of circuit-specific changes in gene expression (ribotag) and physiology (optogeneti ...
... have further engineered the Ube3a transgene to permit neuron subtype and brain region specific increases of Ube3a gene dosage to enable circuit mapping of the autism-associated behavioral defects. A detailed analysis of circuit-specific changes in gene expression (ribotag) and physiology (optogeneti ...
Aalborg Universitet Assessment of sensory convergence in the spinal cord
... divided into the oralis, interpolaris, and caudalis subnuclei. The most caudal of these, the subnucleus caudalis (Vc), resembles the laminated structure and function of the spinal cord DH, and is for therefore often termed the medullary DH. The medullary DH is thought to play a major role in process ...
... divided into the oralis, interpolaris, and caudalis subnuclei. The most caudal of these, the subnucleus caudalis (Vc), resembles the laminated structure and function of the spinal cord DH, and is for therefore often termed the medullary DH. The medullary DH is thought to play a major role in process ...
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... relationships within each of these families of voltagedependent channels has recently been updated in detailed compendiums; we refer the reader to these as excellent and comprehensive sources for information on Kv (107), Nav (42), and Cav (43) channels. The remainder of the nomenclature relates to t ...
... relationships within each of these families of voltagedependent channels has recently been updated in detailed compendiums; we refer the reader to these as excellent and comprehensive sources for information on Kv (107), Nav (42), and Cav (43) channels. The remainder of the nomenclature relates to t ...
Sample
... Answer: c. efferent neurons. 34. Every one of your actions arises from a. neural impulses delivered from your sensory neurons to your brain. b. neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles. Correct. Your physical actions are a result of the communication from your brain to your muscles. ...
... Answer: c. efferent neurons. 34. Every one of your actions arises from a. neural impulses delivered from your sensory neurons to your brain. b. neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles. Correct. Your physical actions are a result of the communication from your brain to your muscles. ...
Mouse Nerve Growth Factor Prevents Degeneration of Axotomized
... total dose of 5 mg). qehicle consisted of roughly 300.~1 acetic-acidacidified artificial CSF. DH 7.0 Iin mM: NaCl. 122.6: NaHCO,. 26.2: KCl, 5.4; MgSO,, 2.0; NaH,PO,: 1.2; CaCl,, 2:O; glucose, 10.0 (Cole et al., 1989)]. Following delivery of NGF, the ventricular access device was further washed with ...
... total dose of 5 mg). qehicle consisted of roughly 300.~1 acetic-acidacidified artificial CSF. DH 7.0 Iin mM: NaCl. 122.6: NaHCO,. 26.2: KCl, 5.4; MgSO,, 2.0; NaH,PO,: 1.2; CaCl,, 2:O; glucose, 10.0 (Cole et al., 1989)]. Following delivery of NGF, the ventricular access device was further washed with ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... Answer: c. efferent neurons. 34. Every one of your actions arises from a. neural impulses delivered from your sensory neurons to your brain. b. neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles. Correct. Your physical actions are a result of the communication from your brain to your muscles. ...
... Answer: c. efferent neurons. 34. Every one of your actions arises from a. neural impulses delivered from your sensory neurons to your brain. b. neural impulses from the brain delivered to your muscles. Correct. Your physical actions are a result of the communication from your brain to your muscles. ...
Astrocytes - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... of voltage-activated NaⳭ and Ca2Ⳮ channels in glial cells is unknown. Because the ratio of NaⳭ to KⳭ channels is low in adult astrocytes, these cells are not capable of regenerative electrical responses like the action potential. One consequence of the high KⳭ selectivity of astrocytes, compared to ...
... of voltage-activated NaⳭ and Ca2Ⳮ channels in glial cells is unknown. Because the ratio of NaⳭ to KⳭ channels is low in adult astrocytes, these cells are not capable of regenerative electrical responses like the action potential. One consequence of the high KⳭ selectivity of astrocytes, compared to ...
aeb0119e8005b64
... anterosuperior nasal cavity.[1] From the olfactory mucosa, the nerve travels down the olfactory tract until it reaches the olfactory bulb, where the fascicles of the olfactory nerve pass through foramina on the cribriform plate, which resides on the roof of the nasal cavity. These fascicles are not ...
... anterosuperior nasal cavity.[1] From the olfactory mucosa, the nerve travels down the olfactory tract until it reaches the olfactory bulb, where the fascicles of the olfactory nerve pass through foramina on the cribriform plate, which resides on the roof of the nasal cavity. These fascicles are not ...
http://www.utdallas.edu/~tres/papers/Disterhoftetal1994.pdf
... 1. There are at least three major transmembrane sources of calcium influx: (1) voltage-gated calcium channels, of which there are at least four classes; (2) the NMDA receptor channel complex; and (3) activation of the Na+/Ca*+exchanger. Additional sources of free intracellular calcium come from rele ...
... 1. There are at least three major transmembrane sources of calcium influx: (1) voltage-gated calcium channels, of which there are at least four classes; (2) the NMDA receptor channel complex; and (3) activation of the Na+/Ca*+exchanger. Additional sources of free intracellular calcium come from rele ...
The Calcium Rationale in Aging and Alzheimer`s Disease
... 1. There are at least three major transmembrane sources of calcium influx: (1) voltage-gated calcium channels, of which there are at least four classes; (2) the NMDA receptor channel complex; and (3) activation of the Na+/Ca*+exchanger. Additional sources of free intracellular calcium come from rele ...
... 1. There are at least three major transmembrane sources of calcium influx: (1) voltage-gated calcium channels, of which there are at least four classes; (2) the NMDA receptor channel complex; and (3) activation of the Na+/Ca*+exchanger. Additional sources of free intracellular calcium come from rele ...
Behavioral flexibility is increased by optogenetic inhibition of
... Figure 2. Cellular expression of halorhodopsin and electrophysiology of light-activated inhibition in errors confirmed that the main effects medium spiny neurons. (A) Medium spiny neurons (DARPP-32, red), halorhodopsin (YFP, green), and occurred in the errors after reversal. The their colocalization ...
... Figure 2. Cellular expression of halorhodopsin and electrophysiology of light-activated inhibition in errors confirmed that the main effects medium spiny neurons. (A) Medium spiny neurons (DARPP-32, red), halorhodopsin (YFP, green), and occurred in the errors after reversal. The their colocalization ...
Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Controls the Anterior–Posterior
... with DAPI. Images through the lateral and medial midbrain region were captured from these Figure 3. PCP mutant mice display specific axon guidance and cell body orientation defects in the 5-HT system. A–L, Whole-mount sections at identical medial to lateral locations 5-HTimmunostaining.Ascending5-HT ...
... with DAPI. Images through the lateral and medial midbrain region were captured from these Figure 3. PCP mutant mice display specific axon guidance and cell body orientation defects in the 5-HT system. A–L, Whole-mount sections at identical medial to lateral locations 5-HTimmunostaining.Ascending5-HT ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Vestibular Pathways to the Extraocular
... mammalian (Spencer and Baker 1990) horizontal canal system in respect to the putative ipsilateral, inhibitory glycinergic and contralateral, excitatory glutamatergic input to both abducens internuclear and motoneurons. Nevertheless, a broad analysis including the anatomy, physiology, and transmitter ...
... mammalian (Spencer and Baker 1990) horizontal canal system in respect to the putative ipsilateral, inhibitory glycinergic and contralateral, excitatory glutamatergic input to both abducens internuclear and motoneurons. Nevertheless, a broad analysis including the anatomy, physiology, and transmitter ...
I. Pain and the Nervous System
... • The neurotransmitters that form the basis for neural transmission also play a role in pain perception. The discovery of the endogenous opiates—enkephalin, endorphin, and dynorphin—led to the discovery of neural receptors specialized for these neurotransmitters and the conclusion that opiate drugs ...
... • The neurotransmitters that form the basis for neural transmission also play a role in pain perception. The discovery of the endogenous opiates—enkephalin, endorphin, and dynorphin—led to the discovery of neural receptors specialized for these neurotransmitters and the conclusion that opiate drugs ...
Ciccarelli 2: The Biological Perspective
... • Soma = “body” • Somatic nervous system: division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body – sensory pathway: nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of ...
... • Soma = “body” • Somatic nervous system: division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body – sensory pathway: nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of ...
studies on the myoneural physiology of echinodermata
... nor with responses of the muscle to direct stimulation. This suggests that the variability of the slow contraction may be a reflexion of differences in the state of the slowcontraction mechanism within the motor complex; this state will be largely determined by the amount of intact afferent tissue, ...
... nor with responses of the muscle to direct stimulation. This suggests that the variability of the slow contraction may be a reflexion of differences in the state of the slowcontraction mechanism within the motor complex; this state will be largely determined by the amount of intact afferent tissue, ...
Dokument_1
... TRH injections were localized in the POM area below [ 3 H}[3-methyl-His2]thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into medial the anterior commissure, 0.3-0.8 mm left from the third preoptic nuc)eus (POM). A and B: coronal section through forebrain ventricle. Six glutamate injections and seven TRH injec- ...
... TRH injections were localized in the POM area below [ 3 H}[3-methyl-His2]thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into medial the anterior commissure, 0.3-0.8 mm left from the third preoptic nuc)eus (POM). A and B: coronal section through forebrain ventricle. Six glutamate injections and seven TRH injec- ...
Maternal thyroid hormones are transcriptionally active during
... T3 concentration in the intracellular and nuclear compartments is dependent on (i ) the circulating levels of THs, (ii ) their rates of entry and exit in and out of the cell and the nucleus, (iii ) the rate of T4 to T3 conversion and (iv) T3 degradation in the cell [2]. The formation and degradatio ...
... T3 concentration in the intracellular and nuclear compartments is dependent on (i ) the circulating levels of THs, (ii ) their rates of entry and exit in and out of the cell and the nucleus, (iii ) the rate of T4 to T3 conversion and (iv) T3 degradation in the cell [2]. The formation and degradatio ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.