Fulltext - Jultika
... compound eyes. The aim of this study was to find out the functional properties by which the visual system and especially photoreceptors have adapted to cope with, i.e. to see in, dim light conditions. The function of photoreceptors was found to vary randomly in many respects, and the long axons seem ...
... compound eyes. The aim of this study was to find out the functional properties by which the visual system and especially photoreceptors have adapted to cope with, i.e. to see in, dim light conditions. The function of photoreceptors was found to vary randomly in many respects, and the long axons seem ...
Quantified Distribution of the Noradrenaline Innervation in the
... section and one rat to another, the columns were localized as reproducibly as possible with the aid of low-magnification drawings of each section. The choice of wide and thin counting windows (125 x 330 pm) allowed for accurate sampling of the different laminae in every region. In Ammon’s horn and D ...
... section and one rat to another, the columns were localized as reproducibly as possible with the aid of low-magnification drawings of each section. The choice of wide and thin counting windows (125 x 330 pm) allowed for accurate sampling of the different laminae in every region. In Ammon’s horn and D ...
Ectopic expression of either the Drosophila
... †Present address: Department of Biology, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA ...
... †Present address: Department of Biology, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA ...
Ergonomics
... The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of the body and transmit signals between different parts of its body. ...
... The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of the body and transmit signals between different parts of its body. ...
Biomechanical and neurophysiological mechanisms related to
... studies (Fitzpatrick et al., 1994; Fitzpatrick et al., 1992a; Gatev et al., 1999; Loram et al., 2005a). Some authors go further, arguing that normal subjects can stand in a stable manner when receptors of the ankle muscles are the only source of information about postural sway (Fitzpatrick et al., 1 ...
... studies (Fitzpatrick et al., 1994; Fitzpatrick et al., 1992a; Gatev et al., 1999; Loram et al., 2005a). Some authors go further, arguing that normal subjects can stand in a stable manner when receptors of the ankle muscles are the only source of information about postural sway (Fitzpatrick et al., 1 ...
Cxcl12/Cxcr4 signaling controls the migration and
... α-chemokine subfamily and, together with its cognate receptor, CXCR4, represent the best-known chemokine ligand/receptor pair. Interestingly, besides their involvement in a battery of processes in the immune system, chemokines and their receptors are expressed by all major cell types in the central ...
... α-chemokine subfamily and, together with its cognate receptor, CXCR4, represent the best-known chemokine ligand/receptor pair. Interestingly, besides their involvement in a battery of processes in the immune system, chemokines and their receptors are expressed by all major cell types in the central ...
Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells form functionally
... preferred the trough. Thus, CA1 pyramidal cells in adjacent sublayers can address their targets jointly or differentially, depending on brain states. Although the molecular, anatomical and functional diversity of cortical interneurons is well documented1–3, principal cells are typically grouped tog ...
... preferred the trough. Thus, CA1 pyramidal cells in adjacent sublayers can address their targets jointly or differentially, depending on brain states. Although the molecular, anatomical and functional diversity of cortical interneurons is well documented1–3, principal cells are typically grouped tog ...
Induction of NADPH diaphoraselnitric oxide synthase in the spinal
... Fig. 5. Transverse section through the cervical enlargement of spinal cord. 2 days after a single (underground) blast. Note that the number as well as intensity of NADPH-d positive ventral horn motoneurons (arrows) at laminae Vlll and IX is clearly enhanced when compared with that in rat killed 3 ho ...
... Fig. 5. Transverse section through the cervical enlargement of spinal cord. 2 days after a single (underground) blast. Note that the number as well as intensity of NADPH-d positive ventral horn motoneurons (arrows) at laminae Vlll and IX is clearly enhanced when compared with that in rat killed 3 ho ...
The neuroepithelial basement membrane serves as a boundary and
... We found that for 7 of the 14 cells, the data was best fit by a bilinear model [19], indicating a single change in velocity (Figure 1C, left graph), while for the other 7 cells, the data was equally well fit by a bilinear model or by a single line, indicating a constant velocity (Figure 1C, right gr ...
... We found that for 7 of the 14 cells, the data was best fit by a bilinear model [19], indicating a single change in velocity (Figure 1C, left graph), while for the other 7 cells, the data was equally well fit by a bilinear model or by a single line, indicating a constant velocity (Figure 1C, right gr ...
The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... or developmental (or pathological) changes in synapse number – will initiate synaptic scaling, which then slowly modifies synaptic strengths until firing rates are restored. The timescale over which perturbations in firing are sensed and integrated, and the speed of the resulting homeostatic compen ...
... or developmental (or pathological) changes in synapse number – will initiate synaptic scaling, which then slowly modifies synaptic strengths until firing rates are restored. The timescale over which perturbations in firing are sensed and integrated, and the speed of the resulting homeostatic compen ...
studies on the development and organisation of the nervous system
... 100 microns long, a tenth of its final length. However some changes in overall structure do occur by intercalary insertion; an example is the conversion of an initially bipolar cell to one that is pseudo-monopolar, by retraction of the cell body away from the branch (Kuwada, 1986 and with ventral ne ...
... 100 microns long, a tenth of its final length. However some changes in overall structure do occur by intercalary insertion; an example is the conversion of an initially bipolar cell to one that is pseudo-monopolar, by retraction of the cell body away from the branch (Kuwada, 1986 and with ventral ne ...
Functional characterization of the synaptic
... Epilepsy is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting almost 1 % of the population all over the world (Elger 2002; Fisher et al. 2005). Neurodevelopmental disorders comprise diseases that develop early in brain or as a consequence of head trauma, a tumor or an infection in the adult brain and span thr ...
... Epilepsy is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting almost 1 % of the population all over the world (Elger 2002; Fisher et al. 2005). Neurodevelopmental disorders comprise diseases that develop early in brain or as a consequence of head trauma, a tumor or an infection in the adult brain and span thr ...
Skeletal Muscle Mechanics
... frequency to increase the tension in a skeletal muscle fiber beyond that produced by a single action potential. 2. Tetany - Maximal skeletal muscle contraction produced by a series of high frequency action potentials. ...
... frequency to increase the tension in a skeletal muscle fiber beyond that produced by a single action potential. 2. Tetany - Maximal skeletal muscle contraction produced by a series of high frequency action potentials. ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioinhibitory and Pressor
... (28). We have previously shown that activation of FTG neurons increases systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and decreases heart rate (HR) (28). However, the neural mechanisms mediating these cardiovascular responses were not known. Various nuclei in the medulla oblongata are essential for regulat ...
... (28). We have previously shown that activation of FTG neurons increases systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and decreases heart rate (HR) (28). However, the neural mechanisms mediating these cardiovascular responses were not known. Various nuclei in the medulla oblongata are essential for regulat ...
PDF File - Max-Planck
... MARK2 mRNA in the CP and VZ/SVZ, where NeuN staining is excluded (brown), and lower expression levels in the IZ (A, coronal view; B, sagittal view). Bⴕ, No signal was detected using the sense probe. C, PAK5 mRNA is more abundant in the CP and IZ than in the VZ/SVZ of E14 mouse embryos brains. D, In ...
... MARK2 mRNA in the CP and VZ/SVZ, where NeuN staining is excluded (brown), and lower expression levels in the IZ (A, coronal view; B, sagittal view). Bⴕ, No signal was detected using the sense probe. C, PAK5 mRNA is more abundant in the CP and IZ than in the VZ/SVZ of E14 mouse embryos brains. D, In ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... Incorrect. Down syndrome is not an adaptive quality of human beings; rather, it is an illness that is caused by having one too many chromosomes. d. language Correct. The ability to use language as a means of communication is certainly adaptive to human beings. e. the ability to program a cell phone ...
... Incorrect. Down syndrome is not an adaptive quality of human beings; rather, it is an illness that is caused by having one too many chromosomes. d. language Correct. The ability to use language as a means of communication is certainly adaptive to human beings. e. the ability to program a cell phone ...
Central Lateral Line and Auditory Pathways: A Phylogenetic
... pressure transducers) coupled to the labyrinth (van Bergeijk, 1967). Inner ear auditory receptors were thought to be the last peripheral octavolateralis component to evolve, occurring during the rhipidistianamphibian transition with the appearance of a middle ear transmission apparatus and new recep ...
... pressure transducers) coupled to the labyrinth (van Bergeijk, 1967). Inner ear auditory receptors were thought to be the last peripheral octavolateralis component to evolve, occurring during the rhipidistianamphibian transition with the appearance of a middle ear transmission apparatus and new recep ...
PROGRAMME and ABSTRACTS
... (Dementia and Depression – whether the senescence has to look like that?) Introduced by: Teresa Zalewska ...
... (Dementia and Depression – whether the senescence has to look like that?) Introduced by: Teresa Zalewska ...
Goal-Directed Navigation based on Path Integration and Decoding
... do not appear to encode any metric information, such as distances and angles (Spiers and Barry, 2015). The place cell representation by itself is thus not sufficient to be able to navigate between arbitrary locations, because it does not offer any means to calculate the direction of travel from one ...
... do not appear to encode any metric information, such as distances and angles (Spiers and Barry, 2015). The place cell representation by itself is thus not sufficient to be able to navigate between arbitrary locations, because it does not offer any means to calculate the direction of travel from one ...
A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellularis was visible at the caudal portion of the hole. Because the size of the cerebellar opening was limited, we were not able to penetrate the most lateral portions of nucleus laminaris at the correct angle (s ...
... frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellularis was visible at the caudal portion of the hole. Because the size of the cerebellar opening was limited, we were not able to penetrate the most lateral portions of nucleus laminaris at the correct angle (s ...
Cliff - USD Biology
... Disconnecting NAc Shell ◦ Causes entrance of maze elements equally ◦ Regardless of reward pairing Does reward uncertainty functionally remove the salience of reward pairing? ...
... Disconnecting NAc Shell ◦ Causes entrance of maze elements equally ◦ Regardless of reward pairing Does reward uncertainty functionally remove the salience of reward pairing? ...
full text pdf
... nerve fibres were very abundant in the SO ganglionated plexus. Some of them expressed simultaneously immunoreactivity for SP, and many SP-positive only nerve terminals were also found within the ganglia and in nerve bundles closely associated with the SO muscle. These CGRP and/or SP-positive fibres ...
... nerve fibres were very abundant in the SO ganglionated plexus. Some of them expressed simultaneously immunoreactivity for SP, and many SP-positive only nerve terminals were also found within the ganglia and in nerve bundles closely associated with the SO muscle. These CGRP and/or SP-positive fibres ...
Long-term channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression
... Fenno et al., 2011). A critical prerequisite of optogenetics is that expression of optogenetic proteins does not, in itself, alter neural circuit function. This is a particular concern for long-term and/or high-level expression under strong promoters, which is common to achieve efficient light activ ...
... Fenno et al., 2011). A critical prerequisite of optogenetics is that expression of optogenetic proteins does not, in itself, alter neural circuit function. This is a particular concern for long-term and/or high-level expression under strong promoters, which is common to achieve efficient light activ ...
Complete nervous system 11
... CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Regions of the Brain
... Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump, using ATP, restores the original configuration ...
... Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump, using ATP, restores the original configuration ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.