A Cortical Substrate for Memory
... Figure 1. Memory-Guided Frequency Discrimination Task and Behavioral Performance (A) Task schematic, showing a cartoon of a rat in the behavior box and the timing of the events in the task. Onset of the Center LED indicated to the rat it should put its nose in the center port, and remain there until ...
... Figure 1. Memory-Guided Frequency Discrimination Task and Behavioral Performance (A) Task schematic, showing a cartoon of a rat in the behavior box and the timing of the events in the task. Onset of the Center LED indicated to the rat it should put its nose in the center port, and remain there until ...
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal
... physiological inputs. How these actions are effected is poorly understood because neuropeptides can be broadly released within the CNS and exert combinatorial and non-linear effects (Brezina, 2010). In addition, we know little about how these gatekeepers are themselves regulated, yet such knowledge ...
... physiological inputs. How these actions are effected is poorly understood because neuropeptides can be broadly released within the CNS and exert combinatorial and non-linear effects (Brezina, 2010). In addition, we know little about how these gatekeepers are themselves regulated, yet such knowledge ...
The ventral striatum - Brain imaging of Parkinson`s disease
... is now generally accepted based on a broad range of results coming from neuroimaging studies in humans and from local pharmacological disturbances studies in animals, mostly rats. In the rat, it was shown that the disturbance of the dopaminergic and opioid transmission in the nucleus accumbens induc ...
... is now generally accepted based on a broad range of results coming from neuroimaging studies in humans and from local pharmacological disturbances studies in animals, mostly rats. In the rat, it was shown that the disturbance of the dopaminergic and opioid transmission in the nucleus accumbens induc ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... centers, including the MBs and the lateral horns. Interestingly, individual PNs acquire distinct but invariant axon arborization patterns in the lateral horn, supporting the presence of an odor map in the higher brain center (Marin et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2002). Although variations exist in the p ...
... centers, including the MBs and the lateral horns. Interestingly, individual PNs acquire distinct but invariant axon arborization patterns in the lateral horn, supporting the presence of an odor map in the higher brain center (Marin et al., 2002; Wong et al., 2002). Although variations exist in the p ...
Title - HAL
... 1992). Metrical parameters concerning lengths were also included: as in the previous studies we considered the total dendritic length (L), the average branch length (Ln) and the average length of terminal branches Lp. We also considered the average length of parent branches Lm (the branches which te ...
... 1992). Metrical parameters concerning lengths were also included: as in the previous studies we considered the total dendritic length (L), the average branch length (Ln) and the average length of terminal branches Lp. We also considered the average length of parent branches Lm (the branches which te ...
In VivoCalcium Imaging Reveals Functional Rewiring of Single
... taking on the functional roles of lost tissues. Although this model is well supported by data, it is not clear how activity in single neurons is altered in relation to cortical functional maps. It is conceivable that individual surviving neurons could adopt new roles at the expense of their usual fu ...
... taking on the functional roles of lost tissues. Although this model is well supported by data, it is not clear how activity in single neurons is altered in relation to cortical functional maps. It is conceivable that individual surviving neurons could adopt new roles at the expense of their usual fu ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... together these two systems mediate reward-related learning in basal ganglia circuits. Here, we addressed the potential contribution of cortical and thalamic excitatory inputs to the characteristic multiphasic responses of cholinergic interneurons in vivo. We first recorded and labeled individual cho ...
... together these two systems mediate reward-related learning in basal ganglia circuits. Here, we addressed the potential contribution of cortical and thalamic excitatory inputs to the characteristic multiphasic responses of cholinergic interneurons in vivo. We first recorded and labeled individual cho ...
HTM Cortical Learning Algorithms
... Although neurons in the neocortex are highly interconnected, inhibitory neurons guarantee that only a small percentage of the neurons are active at one time. Thus, information in the brain is always represented by a small percentage of active neurons within a large population of neurons. This kind o ...
... Although neurons in the neocortex are highly interconnected, inhibitory neurons guarantee that only a small percentage of the neurons are active at one time. Thus, information in the brain is always represented by a small percentage of active neurons within a large population of neurons. This kind o ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... were added to the bath (Petreanu et al., 2009). 4-AP blocks K ⫹ channels that are critical for repolarizing the axon. Under these conditions, short laser pulses (1–2 ms) depolarized ChR2-expressing axons in the vicinity of the laser beam and triggered the local release of glutamate. NMDA receptors w ...
... were added to the bath (Petreanu et al., 2009). 4-AP blocks K ⫹ channels that are critical for repolarizing the axon. Under these conditions, short laser pulses (1–2 ms) depolarized ChR2-expressing axons in the vicinity of the laser beam and triggered the local release of glutamate. NMDA receptors w ...
The occipitoparietal pathway of the macaque monkey: comparison
... The dendritic morphology of pyramidal cells located at the base of layer III in the primary visual area (V1), the second visual area (V2), the middle temporal area (MT), the ventral portion of the lateral intraparietal area (LIPv) and in the portion of cytoarchitectonic area 7a within the anterior b ...
... The dendritic morphology of pyramidal cells located at the base of layer III in the primary visual area (V1), the second visual area (V2), the middle temporal area (MT), the ventral portion of the lateral intraparietal area (LIPv) and in the portion of cytoarchitectonic area 7a within the anterior b ...
The dynamics of visual responses in the primary visual cortex
... The first model offered chronologically, and first discussed here, is the feedforward model that is descended from the pioneering work of Hubel and Wiesel (1962). The HW model has the great virtue of being explicit and calculable. It involves the addition of signals from LGN cells that are aligned in ...
... The first model offered chronologically, and first discussed here, is the feedforward model that is descended from the pioneering work of Hubel and Wiesel (1962). The HW model has the great virtue of being explicit and calculable. It involves the addition of signals from LGN cells that are aligned in ...
Running head: THIS IS A SHORT (50
... There have been studies providing evidence that HVLA techniques produce an analgesic effect by activation of the descending pain inhibitory pathways of the spinal cord, as well as activation of Gate-control mechanisms in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (Pickar et al 2002, Melzack, R. et al, 1965 ...
... There have been studies providing evidence that HVLA techniques produce an analgesic effect by activation of the descending pain inhibitory pathways of the spinal cord, as well as activation of Gate-control mechanisms in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (Pickar et al 2002, Melzack, R. et al, 1965 ...
Neuronal control of leech behavior - Emory Biology
... every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular electrodes. 6. Most relevant electrical parameters can be m ...
... every soma is visible in segmental ganglia. These properties also make optical recording feasible. 5. Long, easily accessible peripheral nerves allow for stimulation of selected neurons and monitoring of neuronal activity with extracellular electrodes. 6. Most relevant electrical parameters can be m ...
Axonal wiring of guanylate cyclase-D
... The main and accessory olfactory systems of the mouse detect a large variety of chemical stimuli from the external environment. Chemoreception is mediated by several types of receptor molecules that are expressed by specialized sensory neurons (Axel, 2005; Buck, 2005; Mombaerts, 2004). The informati ...
... The main and accessory olfactory systems of the mouse detect a large variety of chemical stimuli from the external environment. Chemoreception is mediated by several types of receptor molecules that are expressed by specialized sensory neurons (Axel, 2005; Buck, 2005; Mombaerts, 2004). The informati ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... 1. The function of the __________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body. a) soma Incorrect. The primary responsibility of the soma is to maintain the life of the neuron. b) synapse c) nervous system Correct. Sending information to and from all parts of the body is the primary fun ...
... 1. The function of the __________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body. a) soma Incorrect. The primary responsibility of the soma is to maintain the life of the neuron. b) synapse c) nervous system Correct. Sending information to and from all parts of the body is the primary fun ...
A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of
... mechanism for phenomena observed in single unit recording from the entorhinal cortex during performance of delayed matching and delayed non-matching tasks (Suzuki et al., 1997; Young et al., 1997). In particular, if cholinergic modulation is present, these cation currents are activated. Figure 3 sho ...
... mechanism for phenomena observed in single unit recording from the entorhinal cortex during performance of delayed matching and delayed non-matching tasks (Suzuki et al., 1997; Young et al., 1997). In particular, if cholinergic modulation is present, these cation currents are activated. Figure 3 sho ...
Structure and Function in the Inferior Olivary Nucleus
... The inferior olivary nucleus is the source of the climbing fibres, one of the two major afferent pathways into the cerebellum. This thesis is concerned with aspects of the cellular anat ...
... The inferior olivary nucleus is the source of the climbing fibres, one of the two major afferent pathways into the cerebellum. This thesis is concerned with aspects of the cellular anat ...
The Features and Functions of Neuronal Assemblies: Possible
... Figure 1A. This is a stereotypical activation pattern which has been reported in virtually all studied neuronal population systems using VSDI, both in the cortex and sub-cortical structures (Badin et al., 2016), and it is those dynamics which can be modulated with bioactive compounds. Signal propaga ...
... Figure 1A. This is a stereotypical activation pattern which has been reported in virtually all studied neuronal population systems using VSDI, both in the cortex and sub-cortical structures (Badin et al., 2016), and it is those dynamics which can be modulated with bioactive compounds. Signal propaga ...
Memmler`s The Human Body in Health and
... shingles (herpes zoster) – localized disease caused by the virus traveling down the sensory nerves by fast axonal transport when immune system is compromised ◦ common after age of 50 ◦ painful trail of skin discoloration and fluid-filled vesicles along path of ...
... shingles (herpes zoster) – localized disease caused by the virus traveling down the sensory nerves by fast axonal transport when immune system is compromised ◦ common after age of 50 ◦ painful trail of skin discoloration and fluid-filled vesicles along path of ...
RHYTHM GENERATION IN SPINAL CULTURES: IS IT THE
... disinhibition, we will discuss this model more extensively later in this chapter. 1.1.5 CPGs in rodent spinal cord (rat and mouse) The isolated spinal cord of the neonatal rat, introduced in 1987 by Kudo and Yamada, has now become a standard preparation to study mammalian CPGs. The rat is quite imma ...
... disinhibition, we will discuss this model more extensively later in this chapter. 1.1.5 CPGs in rodent spinal cord (rat and mouse) The isolated spinal cord of the neonatal rat, introduced in 1987 by Kudo and Yamada, has now become a standard preparation to study mammalian CPGs. The rat is quite imma ...
Representing Spatial Information for Limb - Research
... activity should be the same for the same movement performed along parallel directions but starting from different initial positions. It has been found, however, that this is not the case for many neurons in Ml (Caminiti et al., 1990) and PMd (Caminiti et al., 1991). The PDs computed in each part of ...
... activity should be the same for the same movement performed along parallel directions but starting from different initial positions. It has been found, however, that this is not the case for many neurons in Ml (Caminiti et al., 1990) and PMd (Caminiti et al., 1991). The PDs computed in each part of ...
A population density approach that facilitates slow inhibitory synapses
... A previously developed method for efficiently simulating complex networks of integrate-andfire neurons was specialized to the case in which the neurons have fast unitary postsynaptic conductances. However, inhibitory synaptic conductances are often slower than excitatory for cortical neurons, and th ...
... A previously developed method for efficiently simulating complex networks of integrate-andfire neurons was specialized to the case in which the neurons have fast unitary postsynaptic conductances. However, inhibitory synaptic conductances are often slower than excitatory for cortical neurons, and th ...
A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
... in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the spinal trigeminal nucleus. However, the central pathways for transmission of sensory input from these nuclei to the respiratory control neurons that ultimately suppress breathing remain undefined. Earlier studies on the trigeminal apneic reflex emphasized ...
... in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the spinal trigeminal nucleus. However, the central pathways for transmission of sensory input from these nuclei to the respiratory control neurons that ultimately suppress breathing remain undefined. Earlier studies on the trigeminal apneic reflex emphasized ...
Learned Movements Elicited by Direct Stimulation of Cerebellar
... 3A, MCP stimulation was tested in an animal that had already acquired CRs to a forelimb CS. When MCP stimulation was applied, it, too, reliably evoked blink responses. Since the experiment was intended to test the effect of conditioning with the forelimb CS, it was considered important to avoid any ...
... 3A, MCP stimulation was tested in an animal that had already acquired CRs to a forelimb CS. When MCP stimulation was applied, it, too, reliably evoked blink responses. Since the experiment was intended to test the effect of conditioning with the forelimb CS, it was considered important to avoid any ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.