Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to
... neuronal firing was inhibited but the inspiratory duration and amplitude of the ePN were increased. Table 1 summarizes the responses of CRRNs and phrenic nerves to respiratory challenges. If the lung volumes were sustained at FRC, firing rate and duration, TI, and peak ePN of inspiratory CRRNs were ...
... neuronal firing was inhibited but the inspiratory duration and amplitude of the ePN were increased. Table 1 summarizes the responses of CRRNs and phrenic nerves to respiratory challenges. If the lung volumes were sustained at FRC, firing rate and duration, TI, and peak ePN of inspiratory CRRNs were ...
Chp 13 - PNS all - Hicksville Public Schools
... The receptor must have specificity for the stimulus energy The receptor’s receptive field must be stimulated ...
... The receptor must have specificity for the stimulus energy The receptor’s receptive field must be stimulated ...
Reward and Aversion
... neuromodulatory systems and neural circuits involved in reward (Wise 2004). Enormous advances have since been made in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying reward and aversion. It is now understood that reward is not a unitary process but contains several psychological components: liking (p ...
... neuromodulatory systems and neural circuits involved in reward (Wise 2004). Enormous advances have since been made in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying reward and aversion. It is now understood that reward is not a unitary process but contains several psychological components: liking (p ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
... In all species examined, with the exception of rodents, the axons of neocortical neurons form boutons in multiple separate clusters. Most descriptions of clusters are anecdotal, so here we developed an objective method for identifying clusters. We applied a mean-shift cluster-algorithm to three-dime ...
... In all species examined, with the exception of rodents, the axons of neocortical neurons form boutons in multiple separate clusters. Most descriptions of clusters are anecdotal, so here we developed an objective method for identifying clusters. We applied a mean-shift cluster-algorithm to three-dime ...
A Neurodynamical cortical model of visual attention and
... scenes. Fourth, the model also makes new experimental predictions about two types of interaction between stimuli in the receptive fields of IT neurons, which are due to competition at early vs. late stages of processing in the ventral stream. This single integrated model will provide a basis for new ...
... scenes. Fourth, the model also makes new experimental predictions about two types of interaction between stimuli in the receptive fields of IT neurons, which are due to competition at early vs. late stages of processing in the ventral stream. This single integrated model will provide a basis for new ...
angol tézisfüzet0531
... The retrograde tracer cholera toxin β subunit (CTB; List Biological Laboratories) was injected into specific brain regions where the majority of PHAL/pro-TRHcontaining, double-labeled axons were found in the anterograde tract-tracing experiment (0.5% CTB, 6.0 µamps for 11-15 min, pulsed at 7 second ...
... The retrograde tracer cholera toxin β subunit (CTB; List Biological Laboratories) was injected into specific brain regions where the majority of PHAL/pro-TRHcontaining, double-labeled axons were found in the anterograde tract-tracing experiment (0.5% CTB, 6.0 µamps for 11-15 min, pulsed at 7 second ...
Reconciling Simplicity and Likelihood Principles in Perceptual
... because of basic ideas from information theory, which I now discuss. Suppose that a sequence of alternatives is independently chosen according to the probabilities of the information source, and that this sequence of alternatives must be encoded in a binary sequence. Let us stipulate that the encodi ...
... because of basic ideas from information theory, which I now discuss. Suppose that a sequence of alternatives is independently chosen according to the probabilities of the information source, and that this sequence of alternatives must be encoded in a binary sequence. Let us stipulate that the encodi ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... Figure 1—Vigilance is orchestrated by the ascending arousal system, which projects from the brainstem to the thalamus and the hypothalamus, two key structures dispatching the cortical activation. The hypothalamus is considered to be the sleep/wake switch where reciprocal interactions between opponen ...
... Figure 1—Vigilance is orchestrated by the ascending arousal system, which projects from the brainstem to the thalamus and the hypothalamus, two key structures dispatching the cortical activation. The hypothalamus is considered to be the sleep/wake switch where reciprocal interactions between opponen ...
Controlling gene expression with the Q repressible binary
... Refining expression patterns with an ‘and’ gate In D. melanogaster, the DNA-binding domain (BD) and transcription-activation domain (AD) domains from GAL4 can be independently expressed using different promoters, and transcriptional activity can be reconstituted in the intersectional subset of two p ...
... Refining expression patterns with an ‘and’ gate In D. melanogaster, the DNA-binding domain (BD) and transcription-activation domain (AD) domains from GAL4 can be independently expressed using different promoters, and transcriptional activity can be reconstituted in the intersectional subset of two p ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... Associative learning. Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour has shown ...
... Associative learning. Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour has shown ...
Contacts among non-sister dendritic branches at
... for contact. Yet, it is not clear whether such non-self recognition-based contact occurs spontaneously, or they are allocated and stabilized by a dedicated mechanism. We found that non-sister dendritic branches make stable contacts preferably at sites of bifurcations. Formation of such contacts is c ...
... for contact. Yet, it is not clear whether such non-self recognition-based contact occurs spontaneously, or they are allocated and stabilized by a dedicated mechanism. We found that non-sister dendritic branches make stable contacts preferably at sites of bifurcations. Formation of such contacts is c ...
Segundo trabajo
... arborization, but not the maturation, of GABA- and calbindin-positive striatal neurons We studied whether GDNF induces GABA and calbindin phenotypes, and the differentiation of these neuronal populations. The number of GABA-positive neurons was not modified by GDNF (Control: 13,659 ± 3,558 cells/cm2 ...
... arborization, but not the maturation, of GABA- and calbindin-positive striatal neurons We studied whether GDNF induces GABA and calbindin phenotypes, and the differentiation of these neuronal populations. The number of GABA-positive neurons was not modified by GDNF (Control: 13,659 ± 3,558 cells/cm2 ...
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling
... The brain contains approximately one trillion (1012 ) neurons that are located in different brain regions. Within each region, neurons are connected to each other to form neural circuits of bewildering complexity. To function in such circuits, each neuron must receive and process information enterin ...
... The brain contains approximately one trillion (1012 ) neurons that are located in different brain regions. Within each region, neurons are connected to each other to form neural circuits of bewildering complexity. To function in such circuits, each neuron must receive and process information enterin ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... PPTN also projects to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (Beninato and Spencer 1986) that encode an error signal for reinforcement learning (Schultz 1998). PPTN receives limbic inputs from the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (Semba and Fibiger 1992), and th ...
... PPTN also projects to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (Beninato and Spencer 1986) that encode an error signal for reinforcement learning (Schultz 1998). PPTN receives limbic inputs from the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (Semba and Fibiger 1992), and th ...
FREE Sample Here - We can offer most test bank and
... Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to Incorrect. During resting potential, the inside is more negatively charged. d) smaller than ANS: a, p. 45, C, LO=2.1, (2) 32. When a neuron fires, it fires in a(n) __________ fashion ...
... Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to Incorrect. During resting potential, the inside is more negatively charged. d) smaller than ANS: a, p. 45, C, LO=2.1, (2) 32. When a neuron fires, it fires in a(n) __________ fashion ...
Document
... surrounded by several tyrosines that serve as phosphorylation- dependent docking sites for cytoplasmic adaptors and enzymes (Reichardt, 2006). Thus, the main mechanism of action, when Trks bind to neurotrophins, is the activation through transphosphorylation of the kinases present in their cytoplasm ...
... surrounded by several tyrosines that serve as phosphorylation- dependent docking sites for cytoplasmic adaptors and enzymes (Reichardt, 2006). Thus, the main mechanism of action, when Trks bind to neurotrophins, is the activation through transphosphorylation of the kinases present in their cytoplasm ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... in forelimb spinal motor neurons led to a decrease of forelimb LMCl neurons, supporting the idea that motor neuron sources of RA are partly required for LMCl specification (Vermot et al., 2005, Fig. 8A). The homeobox protein Hoxc8 is thought to mediate this process as Hoxc8 expression is lost in LMC ...
... in forelimb spinal motor neurons led to a decrease of forelimb LMCl neurons, supporting the idea that motor neuron sources of RA are partly required for LMCl specification (Vermot et al., 2005, Fig. 8A). The homeobox protein Hoxc8 is thought to mediate this process as Hoxc8 expression is lost in LMC ...
On the computational architecture of the neocortex
... above. 5 Roughly speaking, it seems as though each area of the mammalian cortex receives input, via the thalamus, from that sub-cortical structure which was performing similar cognitive functions in more primitive animals. For instance, analysis of visual input and integration of visual, auditory an ...
... above. 5 Roughly speaking, it seems as though each area of the mammalian cortex receives input, via the thalamus, from that sub-cortical structure which was performing similar cognitive functions in more primitive animals. For instance, analysis of visual input and integration of visual, auditory an ...
On the computational architecture of the neocortex
... above. 5 Roughly speaking, it seems as though each area of the mammalian cortex receives input, via the thalamus, from that sub-cortical structure which was performing similar cognitive functions in more primitive animals. For instance, analysis of visual input and integration of visual, auditory an ...
... above. 5 Roughly speaking, it seems as though each area of the mammalian cortex receives input, via the thalamus, from that sub-cortical structure which was performing similar cognitive functions in more primitive animals. For instance, analysis of visual input and integration of visual, auditory an ...
- Valiente Lab
... Schizophrenia is a complex disorder that interferes with the function of several brain systems required for cognition and normal social behaviour. Although the most notable clinical aspects of the disease only become apparent during late adolescence or early adulthood, many lines of evidence suggest ...
... Schizophrenia is a complex disorder that interferes with the function of several brain systems required for cognition and normal social behaviour. Although the most notable clinical aspects of the disease only become apparent during late adolescence or early adulthood, many lines of evidence suggest ...
Neuronal basis of sequential foraging decisions in a
... Monkeys attempting to maximize local intake rates over the longterm should consider handling time as well as travel time2,3. To confirm that monkeys do so, we performed an additional behavioral experiment in which handling times, but not travel times, were varied from patch to patch (11 sessions, 6 ...
... Monkeys attempting to maximize local intake rates over the longterm should consider handling time as well as travel time2,3. To confirm that monkeys do so, we performed an additional behavioral experiment in which handling times, but not travel times, were varied from patch to patch (11 sessions, 6 ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... Modulatory effects of acetylcholine have been shown to play a role in olfactory behavior. In particular, the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine has been shown to impair short-term memory for odors (Ravel et al. 1994), habituation to familiar odors (Hunter and Murray 1989), and odor-based social recog ...
... Modulatory effects of acetylcholine have been shown to play a role in olfactory behavior. In particular, the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine has been shown to impair short-term memory for odors (Ravel et al. 1994), habituation to familiar odors (Hunter and Murray 1989), and odor-based social recog ...
Frontiers in Zoology - Deep Metazoan Phylogeny
... anatomy has been summarised in the classical, histological contributions by Hertwig [17], Kuhl [18] and more recently in reviews by Goto and Yoshida [19], Bone and Goto [20], Kapp [1,21], Nielsen [3], and Ax [22]; the most detailed review of their anatomy is probably that of Shinn [2]. Chaetognaths ...
... anatomy has been summarised in the classical, histological contributions by Hertwig [17], Kuhl [18] and more recently in reviews by Goto and Yoshida [19], Bone and Goto [20], Kapp [1,21], Nielsen [3], and Ax [22]; the most detailed review of their anatomy is probably that of Shinn [2]. Chaetognaths ...
Paper - Wharton Marketing
... Monkeys attempting to maximize local intake rates over the longterm should consider handling time as well as travel time2,3. To confirm that monkeys do so, we performed an additional behavioral experiment in which handling times, but not travel times, were varied from patch to patch (11 sessions, 6 ...
... Monkeys attempting to maximize local intake rates over the longterm should consider handling time as well as travel time2,3. To confirm that monkeys do so, we performed an additional behavioral experiment in which handling times, but not travel times, were varied from patch to patch (11 sessions, 6 ...
Novel approaches to explore mechanisms of
... Epilepsy comprises a family of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent seizures, which can be highly debilitating. Up to 30% of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common form of the disorder in adults, arising in the hippocampus, cannot be effectively treated by current pharmac ...
... Epilepsy comprises a family of neurological disorders characterized by recurrent seizures, which can be highly debilitating. Up to 30% of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common form of the disorder in adults, arising in the hippocampus, cannot be effectively treated by current pharmac ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.