Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... stringent criterion for autoradiographic labeling we used, based on mean nuclear diameter, tends to ignore small pieces of 3H-labeled nuclei, which rarely if ever meet criterion level (Clark et al., 1990). This minimizes potential double-counting errors and, within the range of nuclear diameters fou ...
... stringent criterion for autoradiographic labeling we used, based on mean nuclear diameter, tends to ignore small pieces of 3H-labeled nuclei, which rarely if ever meet criterion level (Clark et al., 1990). This minimizes potential double-counting errors and, within the range of nuclear diameters fou ...
Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat
... Orthodromic (‘synaptic’) responses were evoked by brief (200 µs) stimulation of either the border between stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale, normally in CA1c (‘oriens stimulation’), or stratum lacunosum moleculare, normally in CA1a (‘LM stimulation’), using a bipolar, nichrome wire (0.05 mm diam ...
... Orthodromic (‘synaptic’) responses were evoked by brief (200 µs) stimulation of either the border between stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale, normally in CA1c (‘oriens stimulation’), or stratum lacunosum moleculare, normally in CA1a (‘LM stimulation’), using a bipolar, nichrome wire (0.05 mm diam ...
Five Sources of a Dorsal Root Potential: Their Interactions and
... of transmitter by Eccles (1964). The DRP is associated with a negative-positive dorsal cord potential (DCP) recorded from an electrode on the dorsal surface of the cord relative to a nearby reference electrode (Willis and Coggeshall 1991). We report here on these potentials in the rat where the shap ...
... of transmitter by Eccles (1964). The DRP is associated with a negative-positive dorsal cord potential (DCP) recorded from an electrode on the dorsal surface of the cord relative to a nearby reference electrode (Willis and Coggeshall 1991). We report here on these potentials in the rat where the shap ...
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal
... riboprobes (Vosshall et al 2000) has been used to localize receptors in the olfactory organs. The projections from sensory neurons expressing a particular DOR converge on to one or sometimes two glomeruli (Clyne et al 1999; Gao and Chess 1999). Thus sensory neuron that are believed to be functionall ...
... riboprobes (Vosshall et al 2000) has been used to localize receptors in the olfactory organs. The projections from sensory neurons expressing a particular DOR converge on to one or sometimes two glomeruli (Clyne et al 1999; Gao and Chess 1999). Thus sensory neuron that are believed to be functionall ...
Facial whisker pattern is not sufficient to instruct a
... The Edn1−/− mutation is lethal at birth, thus preventing analysis at postnatal stages. Nonetheless, we found that, in Edn1−/− mutants, the ectopic whisker pad is innervated by mandibular, though not maxillary, TG neurons whose central axon collaterals initially targeted the dPrV. However, unlike max ...
... The Edn1−/− mutation is lethal at birth, thus preventing analysis at postnatal stages. Nonetheless, we found that, in Edn1−/− mutants, the ectopic whisker pad is innervated by mandibular, though not maxillary, TG neurons whose central axon collaterals initially targeted the dPrV. However, unlike max ...
Neuronal calcium-binding proteins 1/2 localize to dorsal root ganglia
... represent a specific group of cells in the spinal ventral horn (Fig. 2 A, G, and I). They were not excitatory (negative for VGLUT2driven Cre expression; Fig. 2J). A few, however, were inhibitory neurons (GAD67gfp/+; indicated by arrowhead in Fig. 2 K–M). Retrograde tracing with rhodamine dextran am ...
... represent a specific group of cells in the spinal ventral horn (Fig. 2 A, G, and I). They were not excitatory (negative for VGLUT2driven Cre expression; Fig. 2J). A few, however, were inhibitory neurons (GAD67gfp/+; indicated by arrowhead in Fig. 2 K–M). Retrograde tracing with rhodamine dextran am ...
Fig. - Development - The Company of Biologists
... The Edn1−/− mutation is lethal at birth, thus preventing analysis at postnatal stages. Nonetheless, we found that, in Edn1−/− mutants, the ectopic whisker pad is innervated by mandibular, though not maxillary, TG neurons whose central axon collaterals initially targeted the dPrV. However, unlike max ...
... The Edn1−/− mutation is lethal at birth, thus preventing analysis at postnatal stages. Nonetheless, we found that, in Edn1−/− mutants, the ectopic whisker pad is innervated by mandibular, though not maxillary, TG neurons whose central axon collaterals initially targeted the dPrV. However, unlike max ...
Chapter 7 complete ppt-1 - West Branch Local School District
... Nuclei – clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system Ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system ...
... Nuclei – clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system Ganglia – collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system ...
Perceptual and Semantic Contributions to
... Stimuli were likewise analyzed in terms of their mean harmonics-tonoise ratio (HNR), which was calculated using PRAAT software (http:// www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/). This is a method to quantify and compare dynamic acoustic properties (i.e., periodicity) of sounds (Lewis et al. 2005). The mean (±stand ...
... Stimuli were likewise analyzed in terms of their mean harmonics-tonoise ratio (HNR), which was calculated using PRAAT software (http:// www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/). This is a method to quantify and compare dynamic acoustic properties (i.e., periodicity) of sounds (Lewis et al. 2005). The mean (±stand ...
A perceptual representation in the frontal eye field during covert
... then were defined as the beginnings and ends of the monotonic changes in eye position that lasted for at least 10 ms. A lever turn was defined as a turn > 15 from vertical. The beginning and end of each lever turn were defined as the beginning and end of the monotonic change in lever position before a ...
... then were defined as the beginnings and ends of the monotonic changes in eye position that lasted for at least 10 ms. A lever turn was defined as a turn > 15 from vertical. The beginning and end of each lever turn were defined as the beginning and end of the monotonic change in lever position before a ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reflex Reversal in Coxo
... Each hemiganglion has been reported previously to contain 12 distinct Dep MNs that can be identified according to the size and shape of their extracellular action potential and their conduction velocity (Bévengut et al. 1996). Figure 2 shows intracellular recordings of these 12 MNs, which were impa ...
... Each hemiganglion has been reported previously to contain 12 distinct Dep MNs that can be identified according to the size and shape of their extracellular action potential and their conduction velocity (Bévengut et al. 1996). Figure 2 shows intracellular recordings of these 12 MNs, which were impa ...
Feeling others` painful actions: The sensorimotor
... (grasps) and those that do not (withdrawals). Some somatosensory regions should then show increased activation for observed grasps, irrespective of whether the object is painful or not (the main effect of grasps vs. withdrawals). However, if certain somatosensory areas have an integrative role in re ...
... (grasps) and those that do not (withdrawals). Some somatosensory regions should then show increased activation for observed grasps, irrespective of whether the object is painful or not (the main effect of grasps vs. withdrawals). However, if certain somatosensory areas have an integrative role in re ...
Identity-specific coding of future rewards in the human orbitofrontal
... “common currency” signals of economic values in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (2, 3) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) (4–8). These signals, which by definition are independent of the specific nature of the reward, can be used to compare and choose between alternative outcomes, but are una ...
... “common currency” signals of economic values in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (2, 3) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) (4–8). These signals, which by definition are independent of the specific nature of the reward, can be used to compare and choose between alternative outcomes, but are una ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... dynamic changes, generally termed “short-term synaptic plasticity” (STP), can last from milliseconds to tens of seconds. While the mechanisms of STP are relatively well understood (Zucker and Regehr, 2002), this type of plasticity is often thought of as simply a mechanistic consequence of the design ...
... dynamic changes, generally termed “short-term synaptic plasticity” (STP), can last from milliseconds to tens of seconds. While the mechanisms of STP are relatively well understood (Zucker and Regehr, 2002), this type of plasticity is often thought of as simply a mechanistic consequence of the design ...
Multi-chip dataflow architecture for massive scale biophysically
... This thesis uses an abstract model of nerve cells, also known as neurons. Before continuing further, we give some basic notions about neurons. Neurons are cells inside the brain which are used to process and transmit signals. They mainly consist of three parts. Via the dendrites inputs from other ne ...
... This thesis uses an abstract model of nerve cells, also known as neurons. Before continuing further, we give some basic notions about neurons. Neurons are cells inside the brain which are used to process and transmit signals. They mainly consist of three parts. Via the dendrites inputs from other ne ...
Serotonin modulates responses to species
... recordings were made. The loudspeaker was either a 1/ 4 inch Brüel & Kjaer (B&K) microphone biased with 200 V DC and driven as a loudspeaker, or a custom made loudspeaker (Schuller 1997). The B&K loudspeaker was flat within ±5 dB from 18 kHz to at least 60 kHz and the custom made loudspeaker was flat ...
... recordings were made. The loudspeaker was either a 1/ 4 inch Brüel & Kjaer (B&K) microphone biased with 200 V DC and driven as a loudspeaker, or a custom made loudspeaker (Schuller 1997). The B&K loudspeaker was flat within ±5 dB from 18 kHz to at least 60 kHz and the custom made loudspeaker was flat ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... the VA-VL (Kuramoto et al. 2009, 2011), the latter being located in the rostroventral portion of the VA-VL. On the other hand, the caudodorsal portion of the VA-VL receives glutamatergic excitatory afferents mainly from the deep cerebellar nuclei (Schwarz and Schmitz 1997; Kuramoto et al. 2011), and ...
... the VA-VL (Kuramoto et al. 2009, 2011), the latter being located in the rostroventral portion of the VA-VL. On the other hand, the caudodorsal portion of the VA-VL receives glutamatergic excitatory afferents mainly from the deep cerebellar nuclei (Schwarz and Schmitz 1997; Kuramoto et al. 2011), and ...
Layer 4 in Primary Visual Cortex
... response properties of two major cells classes in layer 4 of the awake rabbit V1: putative fastspike inhibitory interneurons (suspected inhibitory interneurons, SINs) and putative excitatory cells with simple receptive fields. The results show that the properties of these layer 4 populations are mar ...
... response properties of two major cells classes in layer 4 of the awake rabbit V1: putative fastspike inhibitory interneurons (suspected inhibitory interneurons, SINs) and putative excitatory cells with simple receptive fields. The results show that the properties of these layer 4 populations are mar ...
16-2 The Sympathetic Division
... 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the parasympathetic causes inhibition ...
... 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the parasympathetic causes inhibition ...
Introducing a New Product
... When an adequate stimulus triggers stimulusgated Na+ channels to open, allowing Na+ to diffuse rapidly into the cell, a local depolarization is produced As threshold potential is reached, voltagegated Na+ channels open and more Na+ enters the cell, causing further depolarization Mosby items and deri ...
... When an adequate stimulus triggers stimulusgated Na+ channels to open, allowing Na+ to diffuse rapidly into the cell, a local depolarization is produced As threshold potential is reached, voltagegated Na+ channels open and more Na+ enters the cell, causing further depolarization Mosby items and deri ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
... Neurons - Specialized elongated cells, one of the cell types of the nervous tissue deriving from the ectoderm. Neurons are interconnected through synapses and form chains or networks. Perikaryon - Enlarged portion of a neuron containing the nucleus surrounded by the cytoplasm. The perikarya are of v ...
... Neurons - Specialized elongated cells, one of the cell types of the nervous tissue deriving from the ectoderm. Neurons are interconnected through synapses and form chains or networks. Perikaryon - Enlarged portion of a neuron containing the nucleus surrounded by the cytoplasm. The perikarya are of v ...
Visual Experience Is Necessary for Maintenance But Not
... preservation of an early, unrefined state, but from a failure to maintain visual projections that were previously refined by spontaneous activity alone. Thus the extent to which spontaneous and visually driven activity contribute to the development and maintenance of stimulus specificity is unclear. ...
... preservation of an early, unrefined state, but from a failure to maintain visual projections that were previously refined by spontaneous activity alone. Thus the extent to which spontaneous and visually driven activity contribute to the development and maintenance of stimulus specificity is unclear. ...
Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... reward by studying the impulse activity of single neurons in the dopamine system and other presumptive reward structures. In particular, we were interested to understand which specific information about rewards would be coded by the different neuronal systems. The present review comprises seven sect ...
... reward by studying the impulse activity of single neurons in the dopamine system and other presumptive reward structures. In particular, we were interested to understand which specific information about rewards would be coded by the different neuronal systems. The present review comprises seven sect ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.