A Model of Surround Suppression Through Cortical Feedback
... populations have different offset, gain, and maximum firing rate values obtained from the literature, as discussed below. All five V1 regions send feedforward projections to the V2 region. The feedforward projections originate from the V1 neurons and terminate on both excitatory and inhibitory neuro ...
... populations have different offset, gain, and maximum firing rate values obtained from the literature, as discussed below. All five V1 regions send feedforward projections to the V2 region. The feedforward projections originate from the V1 neurons and terminate on both excitatory and inhibitory neuro ...
Molecular Underpinnings of Motor Pattern Generation: Differential
... normalized for each ganglion by dividing all cells for a particular ganglion by the cell having the highest integrated density for that ganglion. Thus, relative intensities for individual cells ranged from a maximum of one to a minimum that asymptotically approached zero. The magnification was such ...
... normalized for each ganglion by dividing all cells for a particular ganglion by the cell having the highest integrated density for that ganglion. Thus, relative intensities for individual cells ranged from a maximum of one to a minimum that asymptotically approached zero. The magnification was such ...
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... vagus nerve of one of the hearts. This is a bundle of neurons that serves the parasympathetic nervous system and causes a reduction in the heart’s rate of beating. A substance was released by the nerve of the first heart and was transported through the fluid to the second heart. The second heart red ...
... vagus nerve of one of the hearts. This is a bundle of neurons that serves the parasympathetic nervous system and causes a reduction in the heart’s rate of beating. A substance was released by the nerve of the first heart and was transported through the fluid to the second heart. The second heart red ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... lateral from midline and 3–7 mm deeper than where auditory responses were observed. We recorded single units in that location and confirmed high-frequency tonic fiber activity (⬎20 Hz) within 3–5 mm from single units, since PPTN is close to the cerebellar peduncle. Fiber activity was identified as a ...
... lateral from midline and 3–7 mm deeper than where auditory responses were observed. We recorded single units in that location and confirmed high-frequency tonic fiber activity (⬎20 Hz) within 3–5 mm from single units, since PPTN is close to the cerebellar peduncle. Fiber activity was identified as a ...
The neuronal structure of the medial geniculate body in the pig
... whereas the paraffin blocks with Golgi impregnated tissue were cut into 90 µm sections. The microscopic images of chosen, impregnated cells were digitally recorded by means of a camera that was coupled with a microscope and an image processing system (VISTWikom, Warsaw). From 50 to 100 such digital ...
... whereas the paraffin blocks with Golgi impregnated tissue were cut into 90 µm sections. The microscopic images of chosen, impregnated cells were digitally recorded by means of a camera that was coupled with a microscope and an image processing system (VISTWikom, Warsaw). From 50 to 100 such digital ...
Depolarization stimulates lamellipodia formation and
... which glutamate and aspartate were deleted and to which were added: insulin Ž10 m grml.; human apo-transferrin Ž50 m grml., thioctic acid Ž0.25 m grml., tocopherol Ž10 m grml., retinol Ž1 m grml., biotin Ž0.1 m grml., sodium pyruvate Ž100 m grml., glutamine Ž30 m grml; all from Sigma. and penicillin ...
... which glutamate and aspartate were deleted and to which were added: insulin Ž10 m grml.; human apo-transferrin Ž50 m grml., thioctic acid Ž0.25 m grml., tocopherol Ž10 m grml., retinol Ž1 m grml., biotin Ž0.1 m grml., sodium pyruvate Ž100 m grml., glutamine Ž30 m grml; all from Sigma. and penicillin ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
NETMORPH: A Framework for the Stochastic
... Sporns et al. 2004) that emerge during development will depend on the specific characteristics of axonal and dendritic arbors, such as their length, number of segments, branching structure and coverage of space. In general, however, it is not well understood how these details of neuronal morphology ...
... Sporns et al. 2004) that emerge during development will depend on the specific characteristics of axonal and dendritic arbors, such as their length, number of segments, branching structure and coverage of space. In general, however, it is not well understood how these details of neuronal morphology ...
Hypothalamus and Limbic System
... results from lesion studies may have been due to damage of fibers of passage rather than due to loss of cell bodies in distinct parts of the hypothalamus. • In particular, hypothalamus lesions may damage fibers of: – the trigeminal system which affect sensory processing important for feeding – Dopam ...
... results from lesion studies may have been due to damage of fibers of passage rather than due to loss of cell bodies in distinct parts of the hypothalamus. • In particular, hypothalamus lesions may damage fibers of: – the trigeminal system which affect sensory processing important for feeding – Dopam ...
Clonal analysis of the mushroom bodies
... of neurons. Mapping this cellular organization is important in understanding the molecular basis of specific brain functions, such as learning and memory. A variety of techniques have been developed to resolve the neuronal networking at the single cell level. In particular, examining the entire morp ...
... of neurons. Mapping this cellular organization is important in understanding the molecular basis of specific brain functions, such as learning and memory. A variety of techniques have been developed to resolve the neuronal networking at the single cell level. In particular, examining the entire morp ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... are targets of monosynaptic input from layer 4, paired whole-cell voltage recordFigure 3. Latency of L4-to-L2/3 interneuron connections. A, Reconstruction of the dendrites and axon of the presynaptic L4 ings were made in acute slices of P20 –P29 neuron (red, blue) and the dendrite of the postsynapti ...
... are targets of monosynaptic input from layer 4, paired whole-cell voltage recordFigure 3. Latency of L4-to-L2/3 interneuron connections. A, Reconstruction of the dendrites and axon of the presynaptic L4 ings were made in acute slices of P20 –P29 neuron (red, blue) and the dendrite of the postsynapti ...
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... introduced by Mountcastle in 1957 and has proven invaluable in understanding the functional organization of the neocortex. When recording the somatosensory cortex of cats and monkeys, Mountcastle and colleagues discovered that neurons sharing common functional properties, including corresponding per ...
... introduced by Mountcastle in 1957 and has proven invaluable in understanding the functional organization of the neocortex. When recording the somatosensory cortex of cats and monkeys, Mountcastle and colleagues discovered that neurons sharing common functional properties, including corresponding per ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... (Digitimer), collected on tape with concurrent spiking activity, and displayed on the same oscilloscope. Cortical spreading depression was elicited by the topical application of a 3 M potassium acetate solution unilaterally to the surface of the frontal cortex that was ipsilateral to the recording s ...
... (Digitimer), collected on tape with concurrent spiking activity, and displayed on the same oscilloscope. Cortical spreading depression was elicited by the topical application of a 3 M potassium acetate solution unilaterally to the surface of the frontal cortex that was ipsilateral to the recording s ...
Hypothalamus
... One of the principal functions of the hypothalamus is to provide temporal organization to the expression of physiological and behavioural processes. This is accomplished by compact cell groups in the rostral hypothalamus, known as the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). SCN neurons exhibit a genetically d ...
... One of the principal functions of the hypothalamus is to provide temporal organization to the expression of physiological and behavioural processes. This is accomplished by compact cell groups in the rostral hypothalamus, known as the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). SCN neurons exhibit a genetically d ...
Spatial Responsiveness of Monkey Hippocampal Neurons to
... stimuli. Sometimes food (raisin, a piece of apple, cookie, etc.) was given to the monkey to retain its attention to the presented objects. Since, in the experimental situation reported here, the monkey’s limb movements (e.g., reaching his hands to foods) were restricted by attaching an acrylic plate ...
... stimuli. Sometimes food (raisin, a piece of apple, cookie, etc.) was given to the monkey to retain its attention to the presented objects. Since, in the experimental situation reported here, the monkey’s limb movements (e.g., reaching his hands to foods) were restricted by attaching an acrylic plate ...
Towards the utilization of EEG as a brain imaging tool
... Such misinterpretations were mainly due to the ignorance of important physical principles that underlie the measurement of electric potentials at the scalp surface. Most important is the fact that a given electrode on the scalp does not record solely the neuronal activity directly underlying it. Rat ...
... Such misinterpretations were mainly due to the ignorance of important physical principles that underlie the measurement of electric potentials at the scalp surface. Most important is the fact that a given electrode on the scalp does not record solely the neuronal activity directly underlying it. Rat ...
Probabilistic models for spike trains of single neurons
... For this project we are mainly interested in the statistics of the spike trains and what these statistics might tell us about the computational properties of the cells. The most widely used statistic is the so called peri-stimulus time histogram or PSTH1 . PSTHs of individual neurons are obtained by ...
... For this project we are mainly interested in the statistics of the spike trains and what these statistics might tell us about the computational properties of the cells. The most widely used statistic is the so called peri-stimulus time histogram or PSTH1 . PSTHs of individual neurons are obtained by ...
The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic
... The peripheral targets of the sacral VM neurons are located in the pelvic plexus —which, in some species, such as the mouse, is condensed into a bona fide ganglion — and are considered, by definition, parasympathetic 15. Since a proportion of pelvic ganglionic neurons receive input from upper lumba ...
... The peripheral targets of the sacral VM neurons are located in the pelvic plexus —which, in some species, such as the mouse, is condensed into a bona fide ganglion — and are considered, by definition, parasympathetic 15. Since a proportion of pelvic ganglionic neurons receive input from upper lumba ...
NSS214 - National Open University of Nigeria
... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. They receive input from sensory neurons, and direct the activity of motor neurons. Association neurons are present to "associate" appropriate motor responses with sensory stimuli. The early embryo contains an embryonic tissue la ...
... The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. They receive input from sensory neurons, and direct the activity of motor neurons. Association neurons are present to "associate" appropriate motor responses with sensory stimuli. The early embryo contains an embryonic tissue la ...
Fluorescent in situ hybridization technique for cell type identification
... Our laboratory has been trying to identify the unique features of the primate neocortex using molecular biological techniques. Specifically, we have been searching for area- and/or layer-specific genes and using them as probes for comparative ISH analyses [37,41]. What we considered critical in thes ...
... Our laboratory has been trying to identify the unique features of the primate neocortex using molecular biological techniques. Specifically, we have been searching for area- and/or layer-specific genes and using them as probes for comparative ISH analyses [37,41]. What we considered critical in thes ...
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... Module 2-1 Neurons:The Body's Wiring The Structure of the Neuron LEARNING OBJECTIVES: EPCA.NEVI.2015.2.01 - Define what a neuron is, identify the parts of the neuron, and explain how neurons communicate with each other. KEYWORDS: Define/Describe 15. Regarding the nervous system, which of the followi ...
... Module 2-1 Neurons:The Body's Wiring The Structure of the Neuron LEARNING OBJECTIVES: EPCA.NEVI.2015.2.01 - Define what a neuron is, identify the parts of the neuron, and explain how neurons communicate with each other. KEYWORDS: Define/Describe 15. Regarding the nervous system, which of the followi ...
Tau pathology does not affect experience-driven single
... Figure 1 In vivo quantification of Arc::dVenus reporter in the visual cortex of rTg4510 mice. (a) Experiment outline. Structural visual stimulation paradigm described previously in [10] was followed by cranial window implantation over the medial extrastriate visual cortex and imaging on a multiphoto ...
... Figure 1 In vivo quantification of Arc::dVenus reporter in the visual cortex of rTg4510 mice. (a) Experiment outline. Structural visual stimulation paradigm described previously in [10] was followed by cranial window implantation over the medial extrastriate visual cortex and imaging on a multiphoto ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is necessary for our understanding of cortical function. We discuss current views of how inhibition regulates the function of cortical neurons and point to a number of important open questions. Excitation and Inhibition Walk ...
... activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is necessary for our understanding of cortical function. We discuss current views of how inhibition regulates the function of cortical neurons and point to a number of important open questions. Excitation and Inhibition Walk ...
Activity-dependent editing of neuromuscular synaptic connections
... competing inputs to be studied with fine spatial and temporal resolution. The three cell types that comprise neuromuscular junctions, the motor axons and nerve terminals, muscle fiber postsynaptic specializations such as AChRs and the perisynaptic Schwann cells which cap junctions, can each be stain ...
... competing inputs to be studied with fine spatial and temporal resolution. The three cell types that comprise neuromuscular junctions, the motor axons and nerve terminals, muscle fiber postsynaptic specializations such as AChRs and the perisynaptic Schwann cells which cap junctions, can each be stain ...
The Time Course and Amplitude of EPSPs Evoked at Synapses
... from stimulus to onset of the antidromic action potential was 1.25 msec. This implied a minimum conduction velocity of 1.3 m/set for the axon collateral, and a greater conduction velocity depending on the extent to which it deviated from a direct line between the electrodes. The right-hand column of ...
... from stimulus to onset of the antidromic action potential was 1.25 msec. This implied a minimum conduction velocity of 1.3 m/set for the axon collateral, and a greater conduction velocity depending on the extent to which it deviated from a direct line between the electrodes. The right-hand column of ...