Current hypotheses for the underlying biology of amyotrophic lateral
... Although preclinical studies elucidate possible pathogenic pathways and therapeutic options, human trials represent the best test of a hypothesis. Insulin-like growth factor-1 provided modest clinical efficacy in one of two trials in ALS patients.39,40 Clinical trials of VEGF are anticipated because ...
... Although preclinical studies elucidate possible pathogenic pathways and therapeutic options, human trials represent the best test of a hypothesis. Insulin-like growth factor-1 provided modest clinical efficacy in one of two trials in ALS patients.39,40 Clinical trials of VEGF are anticipated because ...
rEvIEW - McLoon Lab
... astrocyte are stabilized and receive nurturing signals that allow them to mature further. It is important to point out that astrocyte processes do not fully insulate a synapse from the surrounding environment but, instead, allow some flow into and out of the synaptic cleft. For example, at hippocamp ...
... astrocyte are stabilized and receive nurturing signals that allow them to mature further. It is important to point out that astrocyte processes do not fully insulate a synapse from the surrounding environment but, instead, allow some flow into and out of the synaptic cleft. For example, at hippocamp ...
studying the isolated central nervous system
... the electro-diffusion (Nernst) component. The electrogenic sodium pump had been considered for many years and thought to contribute only one or two millivolts to the membrane potential. The snail neuron provided the first example of a rapid and major change in membrane potential due to the activity ...
... the electro-diffusion (Nernst) component. The electrogenic sodium pump had been considered for many years and thought to contribute only one or two millivolts to the membrane potential. The snail neuron provided the first example of a rapid and major change in membrane potential due to the activity ...
Stationary Bumps in Networks of Spiking Neurons
... enough excitation. We will discuss stability of the bump in section 4. Stability will be affected by the synaptic timescale, the weight function, the amount of applied current, and the size of the network. For a nite-sized system, we show in the appendix that the individual neurons in a bump do not ...
... enough excitation. We will discuss stability of the bump in section 4. Stability will be affected by the synaptic timescale, the weight function, the amount of applied current, and the size of the network. For a nite-sized system, we show in the appendix that the individual neurons in a bump do not ...
the anatomy and neurosecretory system of the
... main parts, anterior and posterior, and the posterior neuropile is subdivided into three parts. Clark found that the nerve cell-bodies form an almost uniform mantle over the top and sides of the neuropile of most species, particularly the smaller ones, and the ganglionic nuclei are not very distinct ...
... main parts, anterior and posterior, and the posterior neuropile is subdivided into three parts. Clark found that the nerve cell-bodies form an almost uniform mantle over the top and sides of the neuropile of most species, particularly the smaller ones, and the ganglionic nuclei are not very distinct ...
physiological reviews
... The perilymphatic space communicates with the cerebrospinal space by the cochlear aqueduct and by perineural and perivascular spaces in the internal auditory meatus. In the guinea pig, cerebrospinal fluid certainly can enter by these channels when an artificial opening is made into the cochlea. Red ...
... The perilymphatic space communicates with the cerebrospinal space by the cochlear aqueduct and by perineural and perivascular spaces in the internal auditory meatus. In the guinea pig, cerebrospinal fluid certainly can enter by these channels when an artificial opening is made into the cochlea. Red ...
Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila
... seek to understand the developmental origin of arbor shape and to shed light on the significance of particular morphologies for nervous system connectivity and function. Dendrite morphogenesis consists of a series of interrelated steps, which include outgrowth and branching, guidance and targeting, ...
... seek to understand the developmental origin of arbor shape and to shed light on the significance of particular morphologies for nervous system connectivity and function. Dendrite morphogenesis consists of a series of interrelated steps, which include outgrowth and branching, guidance and targeting, ...
PDF
... Cajal-Retzius neurons. Preplate (PP). A transient cell-dense structure, which was formerly termed the early MZ or primordial plexiform layer, that contains some of the earliest-born cortical neurons. It is split by incoming CP neurons into the superficial MZ and deep SP. Projection (pyramidal) neuro ...
... Cajal-Retzius neurons. Preplate (PP). A transient cell-dense structure, which was formerly termed the early MZ or primordial plexiform layer, that contains some of the earliest-born cortical neurons. It is split by incoming CP neurons into the superficial MZ and deep SP. Projection (pyramidal) neuro ...
Simultaneous Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Entire Cortical
... recordings from the intact brain, where it is possible to correlate neural activity with sensory perception and behavior. As in recordings in brain slices, simultaneous neuronal recordings across cortical layers have been achievable in vivo, typically via extracellular recordings that use laminar el ...
... recordings from the intact brain, where it is possible to correlate neural activity with sensory perception and behavior. As in recordings in brain slices, simultaneous neuronal recordings across cortical layers have been achievable in vivo, typically via extracellular recordings that use laminar el ...
the mirror-neuron system - Psychology and Neuroscience
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by
... also high during wakefulness,70 particularly in association with attentive behavior.71 From very early pharmacological studies, it has been known that enhancement of ACh, by inhibition of its catabolic enzyme acetyl cholinesterase with physostigmine, evokes waking with cortical activation.72 On the ...
... also high during wakefulness,70 particularly in association with attentive behavior.71 From very early pharmacological studies, it has been known that enhancement of ACh, by inhibition of its catabolic enzyme acetyl cholinesterase with physostigmine, evokes waking with cortical activation.72 On the ...
the mirror-neuron system - UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
... There are two classes of visuomotor neurons in monkey area F5: canonical neurons, which respond to the presentation of an object, and mirror neurons, which respond when the monkey sees object-directed action (Rizzolatti & Luppino 2001). In order to be triggered by visual stimuli, mirror neurons requ ...
The Nervous System
... Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Copyright © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Production of nerve growth factor by
... another 48 hr with 10 lM cytosine arabinoside, and then amplified to 2 3 104 cells/cm2 in a 35-mm Petri dish or glass coverslips. Astrocyte monolayers were >98% pure as determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and were devoid of OX42-positive microglial cells. Hipoccampal ...
... another 48 hr with 10 lM cytosine arabinoside, and then amplified to 2 3 104 cells/cm2 in a 35-mm Petri dish or glass coverslips. Astrocyte monolayers were >98% pure as determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity and were devoid of OX42-positive microglial cells. Hipoccampal ...
Duration Sensitivity to Other Response Properties of the Rat
... Many animals use duration to help them identify the source and meaning of a sound. Duration-sensitive neurons have been found in the auditory midbrain of mammals and amphibians, where their selectivity seems to correspond to the lengths of species-specific vocalizations. In this study, single neuron ...
... Many animals use duration to help them identify the source and meaning of a sound. Duration-sensitive neurons have been found in the auditory midbrain of mammals and amphibians, where their selectivity seems to correspond to the lengths of species-specific vocalizations. In this study, single neuron ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... and fewer oblique apical dendrites than layer II/III pyramidal neurons. The apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons branch closer to the soma than those of CA1 pyramidal neurons, which typically have a more distinctive main apical dendrite and tuft. CA3 pyramidal neurons also have a cl ...
... and fewer oblique apical dendrites than layer II/III pyramidal neurons. The apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons branch closer to the soma than those of CA1 pyramidal neurons, which typically have a more distinctive main apical dendrite and tuft. CA3 pyramidal neurons also have a cl ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... Technologies). Once the animals had mastered the following task, before the recording studies, extracellular microelectrode arrays (Floating Microelectrode Arrays; MicroProbes) were implanted into S1, S2, and PMv through a craniotomy (Fig. 1A). Each array (1.95 ⫻ 2.5 mm) contained 16 platinum–iridiu ...
... Technologies). Once the animals had mastered the following task, before the recording studies, extracellular microelectrode arrays (Floating Microelectrode Arrays; MicroProbes) were implanted into S1, S2, and PMv through a craniotomy (Fig. 1A). Each array (1.95 ⫻ 2.5 mm) contained 16 platinum–iridiu ...
On the Biological Plausibility of Grandmother Cells
... schemes. But, I do intend to show that there is no reason to prefer distributed over localist representations on the basis of their relative biological plausibility. Indeed, I argue that the distributed representations learned in PDP models are often inconsistent with much of the relevant neuroscien ...
... schemes. But, I do intend to show that there is no reason to prefer distributed over localist representations on the basis of their relative biological plausibility. Indeed, I argue that the distributed representations learned in PDP models are often inconsistent with much of the relevant neuroscien ...
Astrocyteneuron interaction in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal
... cord (Fig. 1Aa). After being filled with LY, fluorescence microscopy showed that neurons had round and sharply edged contours (Fig. 1Ab, upper panel), whereas astrocytes possessed many bushy processes (Fig. 1Ab, lower panel). As both cell types were of similar shape and size (diameter, 7 mm), under ...
... cord (Fig. 1Aa). After being filled with LY, fluorescence microscopy showed that neurons had round and sharply edged contours (Fig. 1Ab, upper panel), whereas astrocytes possessed many bushy processes (Fig. 1Ab, lower panel). As both cell types were of similar shape and size (diameter, 7 mm), under ...
Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by
... sources of synaptic inputs to VTA neurons (Phillipson, 1979; Carr and Sesack, 2000; Zahm et al., 2011; Watabe-Uchida et al., 2012) or the projection targets of these cells (Beckstead et al., 1979; Swanson, 1982). However, these experiments have two major limitations. First, synaptic inputs to the tw ...
... sources of synaptic inputs to VTA neurons (Phillipson, 1979; Carr and Sesack, 2000; Zahm et al., 2011; Watabe-Uchida et al., 2012) or the projection targets of these cells (Beckstead et al., 1979; Swanson, 1982). However, these experiments have two major limitations. First, synaptic inputs to the tw ...
Conditioned and unconditioned regulation of human activity
... Characteristic of conditional irritants For development of a conditioned reflex it is necessary, that any factor of an environment, which may be perceived by one of analyzer systems of an organism, occur repeatedly and acted on an organism of the person or an animal. If at each occurrence this i ...
... Characteristic of conditional irritants For development of a conditioned reflex it is necessary, that any factor of an environment, which may be perceived by one of analyzer systems of an organism, occur repeatedly and acted on an organism of the person or an animal. If at each occurrence this i ...
R eelin is expressed in the accessory olfactory system, but is not a
... system it does not act as a guidance cue. Reelin is most widely studied for its role in neuronal migration and organization of the cerebral cortex. However, recent data indicates that Reelin may act as a guidance cue in other parts of the central nervous system. Del Rio et al. [6] suggest that Reeli ...
... system it does not act as a guidance cue. Reelin is most widely studied for its role in neuronal migration and organization of the cerebral cortex. However, recent data indicates that Reelin may act as a guidance cue in other parts of the central nervous system. Del Rio et al. [6] suggest that Reeli ...
Review. Multiple signaling modalities mediated by dendritic
... that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affe ...
... that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affe ...
Attention as a decision in information space
... whether, in addition to responding to salient visual stimuli, LIP is also important for effortful, top-down attention [4,27]. To examine top-down attention we trained monkeys on a task in which the relevant cue (an ‘E’-like shape) was not physically conspicuous but appeared in the visual periphery a ...
... whether, in addition to responding to salient visual stimuli, LIP is also important for effortful, top-down attention [4,27]. To examine top-down attention we trained monkeys on a task in which the relevant cue (an ‘E’-like shape) was not physically conspicuous but appeared in the visual periphery a ...