Where do mirror neurons come from?
... Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour has shown that associative learn ...
... Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour has shown that associative learn ...
- AVMA Journals Online
... RNm and a cranially located RNp. The RNm receives input mainly from the cerebellar interpositus nucleus and less from lateral nucleus (dentate nucleus) and projects mainly to the contralateral spinal cord5,6; the RNp receives input from the cerebellar lateral nucleus and projects to the ipsilateral ...
... RNm and a cranially located RNp. The RNm receives input mainly from the cerebellar interpositus nucleus and less from lateral nucleus (dentate nucleus) and projects mainly to the contralateral spinal cord5,6; the RNp receives input from the cerebellar lateral nucleus and projects to the ipsilateral ...
Simulations of the Role of the Muscarinic-Activated Calcium- I in Entorhinal Neuronal
... drites lumped together. The addition of the separate initial segment compartment differs from the pyramidal cell. The lengths and cross sections of the three principal dendrite compartments were adjusted to give the dendrite a length constant of 2 (sealed-end condition). The compartment profiles are ...
... drites lumped together. The addition of the separate initial segment compartment differs from the pyramidal cell. The lengths and cross sections of the three principal dendrite compartments were adjusted to give the dendrite a length constant of 2 (sealed-end condition). The compartment profiles are ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... a few Hertz and fall rapidly to zero above !10 Hz. This might give the impression that cortical neurons act as low-pass filters of the sensory stimuli that drive them. However, the same neurons can exhibit vigorous responses to transients, such as rapid stimulus onsets, that have much of their power ...
... a few Hertz and fall rapidly to zero above !10 Hz. This might give the impression that cortical neurons act as low-pass filters of the sensory stimuli that drive them. However, the same neurons can exhibit vigorous responses to transients, such as rapid stimulus onsets, that have much of their power ...
Fluoxetine and hyperforin appear to act like a
... receptors then relay the signal from the neurotransmitters, called an EPSP, to the rest of the postsynaptic neuron, and release the neurotransmitters back into the cleft. Pumps on the presynaptic neuron become activated when an excess of neurotransmitter ...
... receptors then relay the signal from the neurotransmitters, called an EPSP, to the rest of the postsynaptic neuron, and release the neurotransmitters back into the cleft. Pumps on the presynaptic neuron become activated when an excess of neurotransmitter ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... electrophysiological recordings as above. Commissural electrophysiolMVN have distinctive intrinsic physiologies. The results provide ogy was performed on slices from P14 –P17 animals. a classification scheme of MVN neurons grounded in a molecular Reverse transcriptase-PCR. After neuronal physiology ...
... electrophysiological recordings as above. Commissural electrophysiolMVN have distinctive intrinsic physiologies. The results provide ogy was performed on slices from P14 –P17 animals. a classification scheme of MVN neurons grounded in a molecular Reverse transcriptase-PCR. After neuronal physiology ...
Neurophysiological bases underlying the organization of intentional
... et al., 2012). Taken together, these data indicate that conscious representations of motor intention - in terms of what to do and when doing it – can be anatomo-functionally dissociated from the motor representations underlying the actual motor behaviour, and both of them normally interact in the pa ...
... et al., 2012). Taken together, these data indicate that conscious representations of motor intention - in terms of what to do and when doing it – can be anatomo-functionally dissociated from the motor representations underlying the actual motor behaviour, and both of them normally interact in the pa ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... a few Hertz and fall rapidly to zero above ;10 Hz. This might give the impression that cortical neurons act as low-pass filters of the sensory stimuli that drive them. However, the same neurons can exhibit vigorous responses to transients, such as rapid stimulus onsets, that have much of their power ...
... a few Hertz and fall rapidly to zero above ;10 Hz. This might give the impression that cortical neurons act as low-pass filters of the sensory stimuli that drive them. However, the same neurons can exhibit vigorous responses to transients, such as rapid stimulus onsets, that have much of their power ...
Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... Using this protocol, 67 well-separated forebrain cholinergic neurons were imaged and 12 of these neurons–8 from P12 brains and 4 from P30 brains–were traced (Figures 2, 3, 4B, Figure 2—figure supplement 1). Among the traced arbors, nine were in the cortex, two were in the hippocampus, and one was in ...
... Using this protocol, 67 well-separated forebrain cholinergic neurons were imaged and 12 of these neurons–8 from P12 brains and 4 from P30 brains–were traced (Figures 2, 3, 4B, Figure 2—figure supplement 1). Among the traced arbors, nine were in the cortex, two were in the hippocampus, and one was in ...
Energy balance
... Now, back to caffeine. • Caffeine binds to the receptors for adenosine, but has no effect on the receptors. • When caffeine is bound, adenosine can’t bind. Adenosine Caffeine ...
... Now, back to caffeine. • Caffeine binds to the receptors for adenosine, but has no effect on the receptors. • When caffeine is bound, adenosine can’t bind. Adenosine Caffeine ...
Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation
... detect the osmotic strength of ingested materials and, through afferent connections to the CNS (FIG. 3), induce anticipatory responses that might buffer the potential impact of ingestion-related osmotic perturbations61. Indeed, water intake causes satiety in thirsty humans and animals before ECF hyp ...
... detect the osmotic strength of ingested materials and, through afferent connections to the CNS (FIG. 3), induce anticipatory responses that might buffer the potential impact of ingestion-related osmotic perturbations61. Indeed, water intake causes satiety in thirsty humans and animals before ECF hyp ...
Millisecond Timescale Synchrony among Hippocampal Neurons
... units were tracked over multiple sessions and days, to minimize overcounting of the same cells (Fig. 1). Pairwise connections. To determine putative monosynaptic connections, as a first “screening” step, all possible pairwise CCGs were calculated with 1 ms size bins and convolved with a 5 ms Gaussia ...
... units were tracked over multiple sessions and days, to minimize overcounting of the same cells (Fig. 1). Pairwise connections. To determine putative monosynaptic connections, as a first “screening” step, all possible pairwise CCGs were calculated with 1 ms size bins and convolved with a 5 ms Gaussia ...
The Number of Cortical Neurons Used to See
... 10 participants took the required tests in the two tasks for this study. All participants were aged 16 to 17 years old. They and their parents gave informed written consent, as approved by the New York University review board. They all had 20/20 vision or altered to 20/20 vision and were fluent in E ...
... 10 participants took the required tests in the two tasks for this study. All participants were aged 16 to 17 years old. They and their parents gave informed written consent, as approved by the New York University review board. They all had 20/20 vision or altered to 20/20 vision and were fluent in E ...
Preview Sample 1
... C. There is a negative charge on both the outside and the inside of the cell membrane. D. There is a positive charge on both the outside and the inside of the cell membrane. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension Difficulty Level: moderate Feedback: page 45 Learning goals: neurons 29. Resting pot ...
... C. There is a negative charge on both the outside and the inside of the cell membrane. D. There is a positive charge on both the outside and the inside of the cell membrane. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: comprehension Difficulty Level: moderate Feedback: page 45 Learning goals: neurons 29. Resting pot ...
Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat
... polygraphic criteria and EEG spectral analysis. For each cell, the mean and standard deviation of basal firing rate were determined by averaging spike counts done for at least 3 separate 10 s epochs in one given vigilance state prior to bicuculline ejection. Following the application of bicuculline ...
... polygraphic criteria and EEG spectral analysis. For each cell, the mean and standard deviation of basal firing rate were determined by averaging spike counts done for at least 3 separate 10 s epochs in one given vigilance state prior to bicuculline ejection. Following the application of bicuculline ...
Morphological and Quantitative Study of Neurons in the Gracile
... and tufted branching patterns (Table 1). The radiating branching pattern was more common than tufted one. The vast majority of the secondary dendrites and all of the tertiary dendrites had a radiating branching pattern. Wide range of variability of widths of dendrites of different order as well as o ...
... and tufted branching patterns (Table 1). The radiating branching pattern was more common than tufted one. The vast majority of the secondary dendrites and all of the tertiary dendrites had a radiating branching pattern. Wide range of variability of widths of dendrites of different order as well as o ...
Giant Fibre Activation of Direct Flight Muscles in
... of the direct flight muscles were driven by the giant fibre system. An earlier study described giant fibre activation of indirect wing elevators (Tanouye & Wyman, 1980). Thus, taken together, all major muscles responsible for wing elevation and opening Fig. 2. Horizontal sections (anterior U to the ...
... of the direct flight muscles were driven by the giant fibre system. An earlier study described giant fibre activation of indirect wing elevators (Tanouye & Wyman, 1980). Thus, taken together, all major muscles responsible for wing elevation and opening Fig. 2. Horizontal sections (anterior U to the ...
Human brainstem preganglionic parasympathetic
... Discussion The human pontomedullary region examined in the present study contains many NOS-positive neurons, distributed in a manner quite similar to neurons demonstrated to be ...
... Discussion The human pontomedullary region examined in the present study contains many NOS-positive neurons, distributed in a manner quite similar to neurons demonstrated to be ...
Spinal motor neurons are regenerated after
... with progressing development. mCherry+ cells were still detectable at 10 dpf, but had completely disappeared in adults (data not shown). At 3 dpf, triple-labeling of Hb9, ChAT and mCherry revealed that 86% of the mCherry-labeled spinal cells were also positive for Hb9, ChAT or both, indicating that ...
... with progressing development. mCherry+ cells were still detectable at 10 dpf, but had completely disappeared in adults (data not shown). At 3 dpf, triple-labeling of Hb9, ChAT and mCherry revealed that 86% of the mCherry-labeled spinal cells were also positive for Hb9, ChAT or both, indicating that ...
Behavioral Detectability of Single-Cell Stimulation in the Ventral
... shorter (0.5 s) or longer (2 s). The time of the first lick after stimulus onset after single-cell stimulation experiments. After the final experiment, the was taken as the reaction time. animal was perfused transcardially with 0.1 M PBS, followed by a 4% Once animals performed at current intensitie ...
... shorter (0.5 s) or longer (2 s). The time of the first lick after stimulus onset after single-cell stimulation experiments. After the final experiment, the was taken as the reaction time. animal was perfused transcardially with 0.1 M PBS, followed by a 4% Once animals performed at current intensitie ...
Loss of Neurons in Magnocellular and Parvocellular Layers of the
... OLLOWING the loss of afferent fibers in the central nervous system, target neurons are known first to become atrophic and then die by the process of transneuronal degeneration.1-3 In neurodegenerative diseases and brain trauma, the primary injury triggers transneuronal degeneration; this causes exte ...
... OLLOWING the loss of afferent fibers in the central nervous system, target neurons are known first to become atrophic and then die by the process of transneuronal degeneration.1-3 In neurodegenerative diseases and brain trauma, the primary injury triggers transneuronal degeneration; this causes exte ...
Mercury and the Developing Brain
... Neurons signal by transmitting electrical impulses along their axons. A layer of specialized fatty cells produce the myelin sheath, which insulates the axon and helps speed the transmission of electrical impulses. The electrical impulses are transmitted at speeds up to several hundred miles per hour ...
... Neurons signal by transmitting electrical impulses along their axons. A layer of specialized fatty cells produce the myelin sheath, which insulates the axon and helps speed the transmission of electrical impulses. The electrical impulses are transmitted at speeds up to several hundred miles per hour ...
Time-Dependent Activation of Feed-Forward Inhibition in
... brain was removed and the muscles in the head capsule were sectioned. The exposed brain was de-sheathed with fine forceps. Protease (type XIV, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was sometimes used to soften the brain’s protective sheath. A holder supported the brain during intracellular recordings to min ...
... brain was removed and the muscles in the head capsule were sectioned. The exposed brain was de-sheathed with fine forceps. Protease (type XIV, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was sometimes used to soften the brain’s protective sheath. A holder supported the brain during intracellular recordings to min ...
kwanPNAS08
... transgenic mice (VISTA Enhancer Browser) (Fig. S3A–C) (18). Furthermore, the orthologous mouse sequence exhibited activity in deep-layer neurons similar to endogenous Fezf2 expression (Fig. S3D). These results, although not definitive, suggest that this enhancer regulates Fezf2 transcription. Analys ...
... transgenic mice (VISTA Enhancer Browser) (Fig. S3A–C) (18). Furthermore, the orthologous mouse sequence exhibited activity in deep-layer neurons similar to endogenous Fezf2 expression (Fig. S3D). These results, although not definitive, suggest that this enhancer regulates Fezf2 transcription. Analys ...