J.H. Meijer, S. Michel, M.J. Vansteensel
... extracellular recording electrodes, for instance low impedance metal electrodes. Such extracellular recordings can be performed in brain slices for extended periods of time. The electrical signals of several microvolts are amplified and counted when above a certain threshold (signal to noise level 3: ...
... extracellular recording electrodes, for instance low impedance metal electrodes. Such extracellular recordings can be performed in brain slices for extended periods of time. The electrical signals of several microvolts are amplified and counted when above a certain threshold (signal to noise level 3: ...
REVEALING PAIRWISE COUPLING IN LINEAR-NONLINEAR NETWORKS
... modeled as interacting linear-nonlinear systems responding to a white noise stimulus. Clearly, this choice limits the applicability of this implementation to networks that can be approximated by this simple model. Our motivation for using this model is the ability to compute analytic expressions for ...
... modeled as interacting linear-nonlinear systems responding to a white noise stimulus. Clearly, this choice limits the applicability of this implementation to networks that can be approximated by this simple model. Our motivation for using this model is the ability to compute analytic expressions for ...
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based
... neuronal processes, cargo trafficking, and plasticity of synapses (1-3). Spectrin is an actin-binding protein that is important for the development and stabilization of axons, and maintenance of neuronal polarization (4-6). In C. elegans, spectrin is important for the stability and integrity of axon ...
... neuronal processes, cargo trafficking, and plasticity of synapses (1-3). Spectrin is an actin-binding protein that is important for the development and stabilization of axons, and maintenance of neuronal polarization (4-6). In C. elegans, spectrin is important for the stability and integrity of axon ...
psychology 2
... thirty different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence ...
... thirty different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence ...
Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... from 15- to 25-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, as described previously (Dodt et al. 1998). Individual neurons were visualized using the newly developed infrared “gradient contrast” (IR-GC) optics (Dodt et al. 1999). The extracellular solution consisted of the following (in mM): 125 NaCl, 25 NaHCO3 ...
... from 15- to 25-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, as described previously (Dodt et al. 1998). Individual neurons were visualized using the newly developed infrared “gradient contrast” (IR-GC) optics (Dodt et al. 1999). The extracellular solution consisted of the following (in mM): 125 NaCl, 25 NaHCO3 ...
stereological estimates of dopaminergic, gabaergic and
... in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these midbrain regions and admixed with the dopamine neurons, are also substantial populations of GABAergic neurons that regulate dopamine neuron activity and have projection targets similar to those of dopamine neurons. Additionally, t ...
... in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these midbrain regions and admixed with the dopamine neurons, are also substantial populations of GABAergic neurons that regulate dopamine neuron activity and have projection targets similar to those of dopamine neurons. Additionally, t ...
The Impact of Prior Experience With Cross-Modal
... refers to the general increase in the number of action potentials measured when a second modality is presented to a cell doing MI, while depression refers to the general decrease in the number of action potentials. Meredith and Stein (1983) demonstrated that a sensory stimulus (light) presented to a ...
... refers to the general increase in the number of action potentials measured when a second modality is presented to a cell doing MI, while depression refers to the general decrease in the number of action potentials. Meredith and Stein (1983) demonstrated that a sensory stimulus (light) presented to a ...
Signaling by truncated Dab1 protein - Development
... block outward movement of later CP neurons (Pinto-Lord et al., 1982). However, it is also possible that reelin normally signals to these neurons at a distance, attracting them to migrate to the edge of layer I. Development of the CA1 region of the hippocampus also involves reelin. Reelin is made by ...
... block outward movement of later CP neurons (Pinto-Lord et al., 1982). However, it is also possible that reelin normally signals to these neurons at a distance, attracting them to migrate to the edge of layer I. Development of the CA1 region of the hippocampus also involves reelin. Reelin is made by ...
SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of
... in principle, open to experimental test, but for some criteria, no experimental test may be immediately available, owing to current technical limitations. To the extent that these criteria are fulfilled, we would feel increasingly certain about a proposed link between neural activity and perception. ...
... in principle, open to experimental test, but for some criteria, no experimental test may be immediately available, owing to current technical limitations. To the extent that these criteria are fulfilled, we would feel increasingly certain about a proposed link between neural activity and perception. ...
Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center
... of the posterior hypothalamus, to innervate almost all central nervous system (CNS) regions. This feature, a compact cell group with widely distributed fibers, resembles that of other amine systems, such as noradrenaline or serotonin, and is consistent with a function for histamine over a host of ph ...
... of the posterior hypothalamus, to innervate almost all central nervous system (CNS) regions. This feature, a compact cell group with widely distributed fibers, resembles that of other amine systems, such as noradrenaline or serotonin, and is consistent with a function for histamine over a host of ph ...
Olfactory Coding in the Honeybee Lateral Horn
... tested, the amplitude of the calcium responses was significantly higher than for the air control (Figure 1D; Wilcoxon matched pairs test; in all cases, z > 2.20 p < 0.03). Typically, the shape of the activated LH region (see Figure 1B) corresponded to the pattern of projections of l-APT neurons, whi ...
... tested, the amplitude of the calcium responses was significantly higher than for the air control (Figure 1D; Wilcoxon matched pairs test; in all cases, z > 2.20 p < 0.03). Typically, the shape of the activated LH region (see Figure 1B) corresponded to the pattern of projections of l-APT neurons, whi ...
The PLAT domain of LOV-1 interacts with ATP-2 to
... subseries of behaviors: response to hermaphrodite contact, backing along the hermaphrodite body, turning at the head or tail of the hermaphrodite, vulva location, spicule insertion, and sperm transfer. lov-1 and pkd-2 mutants are response and Lov (location of vulva) defective. Wild-type males have ⬃ ...
... subseries of behaviors: response to hermaphrodite contact, backing along the hermaphrodite body, turning at the head or tail of the hermaphrodite, vulva location, spicule insertion, and sperm transfer. lov-1 and pkd-2 mutants are response and Lov (location of vulva) defective. Wild-type males have ⬃ ...
1 Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology
... Other things that need to be considered include when to make your behavioral observations and what dose or treatment regimen to use for the hormone administration. When in doubt, it is best to be guided by endogenous, physiological concentrations of the hormone (if they are known) and by what is alr ...
... Other things that need to be considered include when to make your behavioral observations and what dose or treatment regimen to use for the hormone administration. When in doubt, it is best to be guided by endogenous, physiological concentrations of the hormone (if they are known) and by what is alr ...
Neurophysiological evidence of spared upper motor neurons after
... clinically tetraplegic as evidenced by lack of sponta neous locomotion and a flaccid muscle tone. The remainder of cats in this group (n = 6) maintained SSEPs and MEPs, and showed no motor deficit (Figure 1). Table 2 demonstrates mean values of the latency and amplitude recorded in the moderately i ...
... clinically tetraplegic as evidenced by lack of sponta neous locomotion and a flaccid muscle tone. The remainder of cats in this group (n = 6) maintained SSEPs and MEPs, and showed no motor deficit (Figure 1). Table 2 demonstrates mean values of the latency and amplitude recorded in the moderately i ...
mechanisms and biological role of thalamocortical oscillations
... McCormick et al. 1985; Steriade et al. 1998a). Neurons belonging to different neuronal classes do not have preferential anatomical distribution and can be found in different layers of neocortex (Timofeev et al. 2000b). The RS neurons, when depolarized with intracellularly applied steady current puls ...
... McCormick et al. 1985; Steriade et al. 1998a). Neurons belonging to different neuronal classes do not have preferential anatomical distribution and can be found in different layers of neocortex (Timofeev et al. 2000b). The RS neurons, when depolarized with intracellularly applied steady current puls ...
Early Appearance of Inhibitory Input to the MNTB Supports Binaural
... immaturities that limit auditory processing in juvenile animals, they are able to lateralize sounds using binaural cues. This study explores a central mechanism that may compensate for these limitations during development. Interaural time and level difference processing by neurons in the superior ol ...
... immaturities that limit auditory processing in juvenile animals, they are able to lateralize sounds using binaural cues. This study explores a central mechanism that may compensate for these limitations during development. Interaural time and level difference processing by neurons in the superior ol ...
A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal
... to superficial V1. Notably, this circuit is anatomically segregated from the retino-geniculo-cortical pathway carrying non-directiontuned visual information to deeper layers of V1, such as layer 4. Thus, the mouse harbours several functionally specialized, parallel retinogeniculo-cortical pathways, ...
... to superficial V1. Notably, this circuit is anatomically segregated from the retino-geniculo-cortical pathway carrying non-directiontuned visual information to deeper layers of V1, such as layer 4. Thus, the mouse harbours several functionally specialized, parallel retinogeniculo-cortical pathways, ...
Use of lipophilic dyes in studies of axonal pathfinding in vivo
... chemoattractive guidance cues (Tessier-Lavigne and Goodman, 1996). Both groups can be further subdivided into short-range and long-range guidance cues. By definition, short-range cues are locally active, whereas long-range cues can act over some distance, because they are secreted and to some extent ...
... chemoattractive guidance cues (Tessier-Lavigne and Goodman, 1996). Both groups can be further subdivided into short-range and long-range guidance cues. By definition, short-range cues are locally active, whereas long-range cues can act over some distance, because they are secreted and to some extent ...
Zn2 Slows Down CaV3.3 Gating Kinetics: Implications for
... same neuron (Joksovic et al. 2005a; Talley et al. 1999). These include CaV3.1 (Perez-Reyes et al. 1998) and CaV3.2 (Cribbs et al. 1998) channels—which carry the classical fast inactivating T-type current (Carbone and Lux 1984; Fox et al. 1987; Kostyuk et al. 1988)—and the CaV3.3 channels (Lee et al. ...
... same neuron (Joksovic et al. 2005a; Talley et al. 1999). These include CaV3.1 (Perez-Reyes et al. 1998) and CaV3.2 (Cribbs et al. 1998) channels—which carry the classical fast inactivating T-type current (Carbone and Lux 1984; Fox et al. 1987; Kostyuk et al. 1988)—and the CaV3.3 channels (Lee et al. ...
How microglia kill neurons
... microglia, astrocytes or other cells. For example, TNFα was found to cause death specifically of dopaminergic neurons in embryonic rat midbrain cultures, but it was not tested whether this neurotoxicity was mediated by glia (Clarke and Branton, 2002; McGuire et al., 2001). We found that TNFα could in ...
... microglia, astrocytes or other cells. For example, TNFα was found to cause death specifically of dopaminergic neurons in embryonic rat midbrain cultures, but it was not tested whether this neurotoxicity was mediated by glia (Clarke and Branton, 2002; McGuire et al., 2001). We found that TNFα could in ...
Role of Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress - Diabetes
... endoneurial microangiopathy, early structural abnormalities in Schwann cells in myelinated fibers, and degeneration and loss of unmyelinated and myelinated fibers; however, in intact axons, mitochondria appeared structurally normal (1,13). In addition, studies performed on postmortem samples from ty ...
... endoneurial microangiopathy, early structural abnormalities in Schwann cells in myelinated fibers, and degeneration and loss of unmyelinated and myelinated fibers; however, in intact axons, mitochondria appeared structurally normal (1,13). In addition, studies performed on postmortem samples from ty ...
Lineage origins of GABAergic versus glutamatergic neurons in the
... within these two progenitor lineages. Some of this diversity is apparently established at the level of postmitotic neurons [1]. For example, the transcription factors Fezf2, Ctip2, Tbr1 and Satb2 show layer specific expression in differentiated cortical neurons. Fezf2 is expressed at high levels in ...
... within these two progenitor lineages. Some of this diversity is apparently established at the level of postmitotic neurons [1]. For example, the transcription factors Fezf2, Ctip2, Tbr1 and Satb2 show layer specific expression in differentiated cortical neurons. Fezf2 is expressed at high levels in ...
Synergy, redundancy, and independence in population codes
... This probability distribution describes how one’s knowledge of the stimulus changes when a particular neural response is observed; this distribution contains all of the encoded information (de Ruyter van Stevenick and Bialek, 1988). Some even call this intermediate step decoding (Dayan and Abbott, 2 ...
... This probability distribution describes how one’s knowledge of the stimulus changes when a particular neural response is observed; this distribution contains all of the encoded information (de Ruyter van Stevenick and Bialek, 1988). Some even call this intermediate step decoding (Dayan and Abbott, 2 ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... aPC. All stimulation currents were delivered by a constant current stimulus isolation unit (Grass Instruments) controlled by a Grass Instrument stimulator. Stimulation currents for the LOT and pPC electrodes were adjusted to approximately two times threshold ([SIM]0.3 ms pulses at 100 –300 mA). Afte ...
... aPC. All stimulation currents were delivered by a constant current stimulus isolation unit (Grass Instruments) controlled by a Grass Instrument stimulator. Stimulation currents for the LOT and pPC electrodes were adjusted to approximately two times threshold ([SIM]0.3 ms pulses at 100 –300 mA). Afte ...
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
... Ans: The gray matter of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons involved in spinal reflexes. The white matter of the spinal cord contains nerve tracts composed of nerve fibers carrying impulses toward or away from the brain. 50. List the parts of the unconscious ...
... Ans: The gray matter of the spinal cord contains the sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons involved in spinal reflexes. The white matter of the spinal cord contains nerve tracts composed of nerve fibers carrying impulses toward or away from the brain. 50. List the parts of the unconscious ...