Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis
... inactivation or selective expression of the insulin receptor in defined tissues and cell types have lead to a better understanding of the integration between peripheral and central insulin action. However, as exemplified by the studies of conventional NPY and AgRP-knockout mice, interpretation of resu ...
... inactivation or selective expression of the insulin receptor in defined tissues and cell types have lead to a better understanding of the integration between peripheral and central insulin action. However, as exemplified by the studies of conventional NPY and AgRP-knockout mice, interpretation of resu ...
The contribution of intrinsic membrane dynamics to fast network
... 100 –200 Hz sharp-wave ripples) single cortical neurons typically fire irregularly at rates that are much lower than the oscillation frequency. Recent computational studies have provided a mathematical description of such fast oscillations, using the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model. Here ...
... 100 –200 Hz sharp-wave ripples) single cortical neurons typically fire irregularly at rates that are much lower than the oscillation frequency. Recent computational studies have provided a mathematical description of such fast oscillations, using the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model. Here ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... was achieved by bilateral targeted injection of a virus expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in neurons19,20 (Fig. 1a, b and Supplementary Fig. 1). In freely moving animals, bilateral activation of CEm induced strong and reversible freezing responses (Fig. 1c). Conversely, we used microiontophoresis ...
... was achieved by bilateral targeted injection of a virus expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in neurons19,20 (Fig. 1a, b and Supplementary Fig. 1). In freely moving animals, bilateral activation of CEm induced strong and reversible freezing responses (Fig. 1c). Conversely, we used microiontophoresis ...
Preview Sample 1
... ions are concentrated on the outside and more negative ions on the inside. 1. Ions: Electrically charged particles found both inside and outside the neuron. ii. Action Potential (neural impulse or depolarization): The firing of a nerve cell. 1. Travels down the axon when the cell membrane is stimula ...
... ions are concentrated on the outside and more negative ions on the inside. 1. Ions: Electrically charged particles found both inside and outside the neuron. ii. Action Potential (neural impulse or depolarization): The firing of a nerve cell. 1. Travels down the axon when the cell membrane is stimula ...
Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... We recorded from six hemispheres in five birds (five left, one right). In each session, neuronal activity from seven microwires was recorded, the eighth microwire served as reference electrode. Electrodes were advanced at least 100 mm before each session. All units with sufficient signal-to-noise ra ...
... We recorded from six hemispheres in five birds (five left, one right). In each session, neuronal activity from seven microwires was recorded, the eighth microwire served as reference electrode. Electrodes were advanced at least 100 mm before each session. All units with sufficient signal-to-noise ra ...
Encoding of Action History in the Rat Ventral Striatum
... value functions based on the reward prediction errors are not well understood. Clearly, this updating mechanism has to integrate multiple types of signals, such as value functions and reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory ...
... value functions based on the reward prediction errors are not well understood. Clearly, this updating mechanism has to integrate multiple types of signals, such as value functions and reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory ...
Extracellular Matrix Molecules and Cell Adhesion Molecules Induce
... LN are used to coat nitrocellulose substrates (see also Fig. 2, E and F). The availability of purified CAMs that induce neurite growth allows a test of the generality of this C kinase result. H7 does not prevent the growth of neurites induced by Con A in CG neurons, suggesting that C kinase function ...
... LN are used to coat nitrocellulose substrates (see also Fig. 2, E and F). The availability of purified CAMs that induce neurite growth allows a test of the generality of this C kinase result. H7 does not prevent the growth of neurites induced by Con A in CG neurons, suggesting that C kinase function ...
Answers to WHAT DID YOU LEARN questions
... pathways are: the spinal nerve pathway, the postganglionic sympathetic pathway, the splanchnic nerve pathway, and the adrenal medulla pathway. In the spinal nerve pathway, the preganglionic axon synapses in the sympathetic trunk, and the postganglionic axon leaves the trunk via a gray ramus communic ...
... pathways are: the spinal nerve pathway, the postganglionic sympathetic pathway, the splanchnic nerve pathway, and the adrenal medulla pathway. In the spinal nerve pathway, the preganglionic axon synapses in the sympathetic trunk, and the postganglionic axon leaves the trunk via a gray ramus communic ...
MECHANISMS OF CENTRAL TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY
... of inflation was increased. The secondary inhibition of expiratory neurons at higher lung volumes is not accompanied by inspiratory efforts or phrenic nerve activity and therefore cannot be related to the Head's (1889) "Paradoxical reflex". That means that under certain conditions expiratory, as wel ...
... of inflation was increased. The secondary inhibition of expiratory neurons at higher lung volumes is not accompanied by inspiratory efforts or phrenic nerve activity and therefore cannot be related to the Head's (1889) "Paradoxical reflex". That means that under certain conditions expiratory, as wel ...
Anatomy - Nervous System Test Chpt 9
... Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true. ____ 19. If you accidentally step on a tack with your bare foot, the pathway that the nerve impulse takes from your foot to your spinal cord to your leg ...
... Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true. ____ 19. If you accidentally step on a tack with your bare foot, the pathway that the nerve impulse takes from your foot to your spinal cord to your leg ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... analog signal is digitized at 20,000 Hz and templates formed during an initial sampling period (60 s). Subsequently, the matching algorithm is engaged only if the digitized voltage levels reach a prespecified value. Spikes are then included in a template only if more than a user-defined percentage o ...
... analog signal is digitized at 20,000 Hz and templates formed during an initial sampling period (60 s). Subsequently, the matching algorithm is engaged only if the digitized voltage levels reach a prespecified value. Spikes are then included in a template only if more than a user-defined percentage o ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
... across the visual field (Andersen et al., 2010). However, one potential problem with the use of spike signals recorded from chronic MEAs is that the isolation of single neurons deteriorates over short time periods (Dickey et al., 2009; Chestek et al., 2011; Perge et al., 2013), leaving LFPs as the o ...
... across the visual field (Andersen et al., 2010). However, one potential problem with the use of spike signals recorded from chronic MEAs is that the isolation of single neurons deteriorates over short time periods (Dickey et al., 2009; Chestek et al., 2011; Perge et al., 2013), leaving LFPs as the o ...
full text pdf
... Pruning: circuit specification and more Why do neurons build synapses or neurites just to degrade them again later on during development? For one, neurons (many billions in the mammalian brain) must make many highly specific synaptic connections (often thousands for a mammalian neuron in the brain). ...
... Pruning: circuit specification and more Why do neurons build synapses or neurites just to degrade them again later on during development? For one, neurons (many billions in the mammalian brain) must make many highly specific synaptic connections (often thousands for a mammalian neuron in the brain). ...
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in
... whereas I h exhibits similar voltage-dependent and kinetic properties in both classes of neurons. Bursting and regular-spiking neurons display similar morphology. The difference in I h between the two classes of neurons is not responsible for the distinct firing patterns, as neither pharmacological ...
... whereas I h exhibits similar voltage-dependent and kinetic properties in both classes of neurons. Bursting and regular-spiking neurons display similar morphology. The difference in I h between the two classes of neurons is not responsible for the distinct firing patterns, as neither pharmacological ...
String Art: Axon Tracts in the Spinal Cord Spinal reflex arcs
... Sensory axons* originate in proprioceptive organs such as muscle spindle or golgi tendon organ Cell bodies of 1o sensory neurons Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons synapse with 2o neurons in accessory cuneate nucleus. Axons from these 2o neurons pass through ...
... Sensory axons* originate in proprioceptive organs such as muscle spindle or golgi tendon organ Cell bodies of 1o sensory neurons Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons synapse with 2o neurons in accessory cuneate nucleus. Axons from these 2o neurons pass through ...
Extra-Classical Tuning Predicts Stimulus
... Simulation experiments further demonstrate that stimulus-dependent receptive fields can arise from extra-classical tuning with a static spike threshold nonlinearity. These findings demonstrate that a common neuronal nonlinearity can account for the stimulus dependence of receptive fields estimated f ...
... Simulation experiments further demonstrate that stimulus-dependent receptive fields can arise from extra-classical tuning with a static spike threshold nonlinearity. These findings demonstrate that a common neuronal nonlinearity can account for the stimulus dependence of receptive fields estimated f ...
Direction of action is represented in the ventral premotor cortex
... location of a target, specified in an external coordinate frame, into a set of muscle activation patterns, specified in an intrinsic coordinate frame. Insight into the sensorimotor transformations involved in this process1,2 and how these transformations are implemented in the central nervous system ...
... location of a target, specified in an external coordinate frame, into a set of muscle activation patterns, specified in an intrinsic coordinate frame. Insight into the sensorimotor transformations involved in this process1,2 and how these transformations are implemented in the central nervous system ...
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
... the axon (291, 490; Fig. 4A). Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 are most frequently associated at the initial segment of both excitatory and inhibitory cortical and hippocampal neurons (267, 332), and tend to be located more distally than Nav1.6. The current carried by these channels is indeed 10-fold larger in the d ...
... the axon (291, 490; Fig. 4A). Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 are most frequently associated at the initial segment of both excitatory and inhibitory cortical and hippocampal neurons (267, 332), and tend to be located more distally than Nav1.6. The current carried by these channels is indeed 10-fold larger in the d ...
Morphology and Physiology of the Cerebellar Vestibulolateral Lobe
... prevailing views derived from mammalian species have centered around either intrinsic changes within the cerebellum (Raymond and Lisberger 1998) through the mechanisms of long-term depression and potentiation (Boyden et al. 2004; Ito 1989) or, in more recent years, multiple plasticity mechanisms/ si ...
... prevailing views derived from mammalian species have centered around either intrinsic changes within the cerebellum (Raymond and Lisberger 1998) through the mechanisms of long-term depression and potentiation (Boyden et al. 2004; Ito 1989) or, in more recent years, multiple plasticity mechanisms/ si ...
Olfactory modulation by dopamine in the context of aversive learning
... For DA receptor antagonist experiments (see Fig. 8, B and D), moths were injected with either a mixture of 10⫺8 M SCH39166 (a D1 receptor antagonist) and 10⫺8 M L-741,626 (a D2 receptor antagonist) (both from Tocris Bioscience) or vehicle (moth saline) or were not injected. Receptor antagonists were ...
... For DA receptor antagonist experiments (see Fig. 8, B and D), moths were injected with either a mixture of 10⫺8 M SCH39166 (a D1 receptor antagonist) and 10⫺8 M L-741,626 (a D2 receptor antagonist) (both from Tocris Bioscience) or vehicle (moth saline) or were not injected. Receptor antagonists were ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... between pre- and postsynaptic spike times, and no plasticity is induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP or LTD (Fig. 2a– ...
... between pre- and postsynaptic spike times, and no plasticity is induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP or LTD (Fig. 2a– ...
Physiology of muscles and nerves
... accommodation of the membrane to the stimulus. [B]: The stimulus is subthreshold in magnitude, with less number of Na+ channels to open. Once action potential started, action potential waves occur with constant rate and amplitude regardless of the strength of the stimulus provided that the stimulus ...
... accommodation of the membrane to the stimulus. [B]: The stimulus is subthreshold in magnitude, with less number of Na+ channels to open. Once action potential started, action potential waves occur with constant rate and amplitude regardless of the strength of the stimulus provided that the stimulus ...
Linköping University Post Print the developmental age of the cells
... condition differs for the peripheral and central nervous system neurons at different developmental stages. Ventral horn neurons (VHN) and dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG) from rats of different postnatal ages were exposed to glucose-free or glucose-rich culture conditions. Following 24 h at those ...
... condition differs for the peripheral and central nervous system neurons at different developmental stages. Ventral horn neurons (VHN) and dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG) from rats of different postnatal ages were exposed to glucose-free or glucose-rich culture conditions. Following 24 h at those ...
autonomic nervous system
... cells (from the Greek word for “glue”), another special type of cell found in the nervous system. • Glial cells have several functions: removing waste, occupying vacant space when neurons die, guiding the migration of neurons during brain development, and insulation. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Educati ...
... cells (from the Greek word for “glue”), another special type of cell found in the nervous system. • Glial cells have several functions: removing waste, occupying vacant space when neurons die, guiding the migration of neurons during brain development, and insulation. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Educati ...
Shootin1 - The Journal of Cell Biology
... RNA interference data suggest that shootin1 is required for spatially localized phosphoinositide-3-kinase activity. Shootin1 was transported anterogradely to the growth cones and diffused back to the soma; inhibiting this transport prevented its asymmetric accumulation in neurons. We propose that sh ...
... RNA interference data suggest that shootin1 is required for spatially localized phosphoinositide-3-kinase activity. Shootin1 was transported anterogradely to the growth cones and diffused back to the soma; inhibiting this transport prevented its asymmetric accumulation in neurons. We propose that sh ...