Learning to classify complex patterns using a VLSI network of
... as problems of noisy, unmatched elementary devices. Although the reasons for the superiority of the nervous system in the real world are not completely understood, it is obvious that the main methods of neural computation in biology are very different from those of modern digital computers. In the b ...
... as problems of noisy, unmatched elementary devices. Although the reasons for the superiority of the nervous system in the real world are not completely understood, it is obvious that the main methods of neural computation in biology are very different from those of modern digital computers. In the b ...
extracellular and intracellular signaling for neuronal polarity
... generated neurons extend multiple neurites that are identical to those in stage 2 cultured neurons, at which point they are defined as MP cells in the lower portion of the intermediate zone (IZ) (119, 214, 237, 249, 287, 329). Almost 60% of MP cells initially extend a tangential trailing process, wh ...
... generated neurons extend multiple neurites that are identical to those in stage 2 cultured neurons, at which point they are defined as MP cells in the lower portion of the intermediate zone (IZ) (119, 214, 237, 249, 287, 329). Almost 60% of MP cells initially extend a tangential trailing process, wh ...
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
Molecular heterogeneity of central synapses: afferent and target
... transporter responsible for loading GABA into vesicles (VIAAT/VGAT), and the major plasma membrane transporter responsible for reuptake of GABA (GAT-1) are found at symmetric but not asymmetric synapses8–11. In situ hybridization studies indicate this is due primarily to expression by GABAergic but ...
... transporter responsible for loading GABA into vesicles (VIAAT/VGAT), and the major plasma membrane transporter responsible for reuptake of GABA (GAT-1) are found at symmetric but not asymmetric synapses8–11. In situ hybridization studies indicate this is due primarily to expression by GABAergic but ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... by neurons in that ganglion was identified using methods that have been described previously (6; 11). The recording microelectrode utilized had a 250-µm shank diameter, an exposed tip of 10 µm and an impedance of 9-11 MΩ at 1,000 Hz (Frederick Haer & Co., model #ME 25-10-2). The indifferent electrod ...
... by neurons in that ganglion was identified using methods that have been described previously (6; 11). The recording microelectrode utilized had a 250-µm shank diameter, an exposed tip of 10 µm and an impedance of 9-11 MΩ at 1,000 Hz (Frederick Haer & Co., model #ME 25-10-2). The indifferent electrod ...
the primate amygdala: neuronal representations of
... USA) tungsten microelectrodes from single neurons in the amygdala, which included areas in which taste responses have previously been described (Sanghera et al., 1979; Nishijo et al., 1988a,b; Scott et al., 1993), using neurophysiological methods as described previously (Scott et al., 1986a,b; Rolls ...
... USA) tungsten microelectrodes from single neurons in the amygdala, which included areas in which taste responses have previously been described (Sanghera et al., 1979; Nishijo et al., 1988a,b; Scott et al., 1993), using neurophysiological methods as described previously (Scott et al., 1986a,b; Rolls ...
Mechanical Response Properties of A and C Primary Afferent
... ventrobasal thalamus (Davis and Dostrovsky 1988b; Zagami and Lambert 1990). These studies found neuronal responses to punctate probing and other forms of mechanical stimulation applied to the intracranial dura, primarily at sites on or near the dural venous sinuses or middle meningeal artery. Our in ...
... ventrobasal thalamus (Davis and Dostrovsky 1988b; Zagami and Lambert 1990). These studies found neuronal responses to punctate probing and other forms of mechanical stimulation applied to the intracranial dura, primarily at sites on or near the dural venous sinuses or middle meningeal artery. Our in ...
avian brain nomenclature forum
... of the archistriatum is also subpallial (Redies et al., 2001; we will approach this point at the meeting). In any case, the archistriatal complex is in a topological position and shows connections and neurochemical features that strongly support that it is homologous as a field to part of the amygda ...
... of the archistriatum is also subpallial (Redies et al., 2001; we will approach this point at the meeting). In any case, the archistriatal complex is in a topological position and shows connections and neurochemical features that strongly support that it is homologous as a field to part of the amygda ...
Retrograde Signaling in the Development and Modification of
... Synapses. Physiol. Rev. 78: 143–170, 1998.—Retrograde signaling from the postsynaptic cell to the presynaptic neuron is essential for the development, maintenance, and activity-dependent modification of synaptic connections. This review covers various forms of retrograde interactions at developing a ...
... Synapses. Physiol. Rev. 78: 143–170, 1998.—Retrograde signaling from the postsynaptic cell to the presynaptic neuron is essential for the development, maintenance, and activity-dependent modification of synaptic connections. This review covers various forms of retrograde interactions at developing a ...
The Structure of Spatial Receptive Fields of Neurons in Primary
... Signal intensity could be varied over a range of 127 dB from its maximal level (full-scale output from a 12-bit D/A converter). In this study, intensity is expressed in decibels of attenuation (dB ATTN) from this maximum. Psychophysical studies using similar signal-processing methods have shown that ...
... Signal intensity could be varied over a range of 127 dB from its maximal level (full-scale output from a 12-bit D/A converter). In this study, intensity is expressed in decibels of attenuation (dB ATTN) from this maximum. Psychophysical studies using similar signal-processing methods have shown that ...
Effects of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron activity
... The rat was anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium injected intraperitoneally (50 mg / kg). The left sciatic nerve was exposed just below the division of the semitendinosis branch. Four loose ligations (4.0 chromic gut) were made around the nerve with a 1.0–1.5 mm interval between each of them. The ...
... The rat was anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium injected intraperitoneally (50 mg / kg). The left sciatic nerve was exposed just below the division of the semitendinosis branch. Four loose ligations (4.0 chromic gut) were made around the nerve with a 1.0–1.5 mm interval between each of them. The ...
The Nervous System
... 5 Repolarization. Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell as the membrane permeability changes again, restoring the negative charge on the inside of the membrane and the positive charge on the outside surface. Repolarization occurs in the same direction as depolarization. ...
... 5 Repolarization. Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell as the membrane permeability changes again, restoring the negative charge on the inside of the membrane and the positive charge on the outside surface. Repolarization occurs in the same direction as depolarization. ...
V1 mechanisms underlying chromatic contrast detection
... (Graham 1977; Sachs et al. 1971). We asked whether signals measured in V1 at a psychophysical detection threshold (PT) are consistent with the cardinal mechanisms model. Although V1 neurons are not tuned to the cardinal color directions when tested with high-contrast stimuli (Horwitz et al. 2007; Jo ...
... (Graham 1977; Sachs et al. 1971). We asked whether signals measured in V1 at a psychophysical detection threshold (PT) are consistent with the cardinal mechanisms model. Although V1 neurons are not tuned to the cardinal color directions when tested with high-contrast stimuli (Horwitz et al. 2007; Jo ...
The Neuronal Endomembrane System
... extended this concept. (Tsukita and Ishikawa, 1980; Smith, 1980; Brady et al., 1982; Ellisman and Lindsey, 1983). The AR, however, appears to be relatively stationary (Ellisman and Lindsey, 1983). Recent findings have also shown that most molecules destined for fast axonal transport pass through the ...
... extended this concept. (Tsukita and Ishikawa, 1980; Smith, 1980; Brady et al., 1982; Ellisman and Lindsey, 1983). The AR, however, appears to be relatively stationary (Ellisman and Lindsey, 1983). Recent findings have also shown that most molecules destined for fast axonal transport pass through the ...
Reward and Aversion
... of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitter type, and neural connectivity. DA neurons are much more diverse than originally thought, ...
... of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitter type, and neural connectivity. DA neurons are much more diverse than originally thought, ...
Responses of single neurons in the human brain during flash
... responses in early visual areas may reflect the incoming visual input, while the activity in at least some higher parts of cortex should strongly correlate with the subjective, perceptual experience. We have taken a unique opportunity to record the firing responses of neurons in the human brain. Sub ...
... responses in early visual areas may reflect the incoming visual input, while the activity in at least some higher parts of cortex should strongly correlate with the subjective, perceptual experience. We have taken a unique opportunity to record the firing responses of neurons in the human brain. Sub ...
Mechanisms of excitability in the central and peripheral nervous
... In diseases of the brain, the distribution and properties of ion channels deviate from those of healthy control subjects. I studied three cases of ion channel alteration related to epileptogenesis and derived three pathological models of epilepsy. The third objective is to apply computational modell ...
... In diseases of the brain, the distribution and properties of ion channels deviate from those of healthy control subjects. I studied three cases of ion channel alteration related to epileptogenesis and derived three pathological models of epilepsy. The third objective is to apply computational modell ...
The role of spiking nonlinearity in contrast gain control
... & Meister, 1997), and network interactions (Victor, 1987). It was also suggested that the active ionic channels inside the spiking generation (Kim & Rieke, 2001; Sanchez-Vives et al., 2000) might play an important role in controlling the changing of the transfer function. In order to clarify the con ...
... & Meister, 1997), and network interactions (Victor, 1987). It was also suggested that the active ionic channels inside the spiking generation (Kim & Rieke, 2001; Sanchez-Vives et al., 2000) might play an important role in controlling the changing of the transfer function. In order to clarify the con ...
Response characteristics of neurons in the pulvinar of awake cats to
... Abstract We studied responses of pulvinar neurons in awake cats that were allowed to execute spontaneous eye movements. Extracellular cell activity during saccades, saccade-like image shifts, and various stationary visual stimuli was recorded together with the animals’ eye positions. All neurons ana ...
... Abstract We studied responses of pulvinar neurons in awake cats that were allowed to execute spontaneous eye movements. Extracellular cell activity during saccades, saccade-like image shifts, and various stationary visual stimuli was recorded together with the animals’ eye positions. All neurons ana ...
The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey
... S.J. Thorpe et al.: The Orbitofrontal Cortex "clinical" type of testing was designed to allow analysis of neuronal responses related to feeding, or to the presentation of aversive objects. Various food, non-food and aversive objects were presented and brought towards the animal, and in the case of ...
... S.J. Thorpe et al.: The Orbitofrontal Cortex "clinical" type of testing was designed to allow analysis of neuronal responses related to feeding, or to the presentation of aversive objects. Various food, non-food and aversive objects were presented and brought towards the animal, and in the case of ...
Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by
... α-MSH secretion, and, to suppress the firing of orexigenic LepRb/NPY-expressing neurons, secretion of NPY and AgRP (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesolimbic VTA (ventral tegmental area) DA (dopaminergic) ...
... α-MSH secretion, and, to suppress the firing of orexigenic LepRb/NPY-expressing neurons, secretion of NPY and AgRP (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesolimbic VTA (ventral tegmental area) DA (dopaminergic) ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Vestibular Pathways to the Extraocular
... inferior oblique (caudoventral) motoneurons were recognized by antidromic activation from the ipsilateral orbit along with the rostral and caudal subgroups of abducens motoneurons in the posterior brain stem. Stimulation of the ipsi- and contralateral vestibular nerves also distinguished the MLF bor ...
... inferior oblique (caudoventral) motoneurons were recognized by antidromic activation from the ipsilateral orbit along with the rostral and caudal subgroups of abducens motoneurons in the posterior brain stem. Stimulation of the ipsi- and contralateral vestibular nerves also distinguished the MLF bor ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
... At the beginning of a recording session, the electrode drive was placed in the recording chamber and aimed primarily at the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala. For the vast majority of recordings the electrode array was positioned to reach the dorsal and lateral aspects of the amygdala, the ta ...
... At the beginning of a recording session, the electrode drive was placed in the recording chamber and aimed primarily at the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala. For the vast majority of recordings the electrode array was positioned to reach the dorsal and lateral aspects of the amygdala, the ta ...
Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic
... 212, 213, 230). In these and many other studies, stimulusinduced A2 neuronal activation is characterized by immunocytochemical localization of the immediate-early gene product, Fos, together with immunolabeling for TH or DbH. Increased Fos immunolabeling alone cannot reveal the circuits through whic ...
... 212, 213, 230). In these and many other studies, stimulusinduced A2 neuronal activation is characterized by immunocytochemical localization of the immediate-early gene product, Fos, together with immunolabeling for TH or DbH. Increased Fos immunolabeling alone cannot reveal the circuits through whic ...
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
... Neurotrophins are a related family of growth factors that are crucial for the growth and survival of developing neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous system (50). Nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first of this family to be discovered in 1950 through its effects on sympathetic neurons, ...
... Neurotrophins are a related family of growth factors that are crucial for the growth and survival of developing neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous system (50). Nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first of this family to be discovered in 1950 through its effects on sympathetic neurons, ...