Functional anatomy of neural circuits regulating fear and extinction
... population of active cells and PSD-95:Venus localized to synaptodendritic compartment (Figs. 1 and 2). mRNA and proteins encoded by immediate early genes such as c-Fos, Arc, or Homer are widely used as markers of neuronal activation in behavioral studies including studies on fear (16). However, they ...
... population of active cells and PSD-95:Venus localized to synaptodendritic compartment (Figs. 1 and 2). mRNA and proteins encoded by immediate early genes such as c-Fos, Arc, or Homer are widely used as markers of neuronal activation in behavioral studies including studies on fear (16). However, they ...
Microstructure of the neocortex: Comparative aspects
... the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of other species? It is clear that distinct cortical areas show important differences within both the same and different species, ...
... the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of other species? It is clear that distinct cortical areas show important differences within both the same and different species, ...
Genetic Analysis of Brain Circuits Underlying Pheromone Signaling
... silencing of VNO or MOE signaling resulting from the knockout of genes encoding either the TRPC2 or the OCNC1 (olfactoryspecific cyclic nucleotide gated channel) ionchannel, respectively, provided additional evidence that the detection of pheromones leading to behavioral and endocrine changes relies ...
... silencing of VNO or MOE signaling resulting from the knockout of genes encoding either the TRPC2 or the OCNC1 (olfactoryspecific cyclic nucleotide gated channel) ionchannel, respectively, provided additional evidence that the detection of pheromones leading to behavioral and endocrine changes relies ...
Implantable microcoils for intracortical magnetic
... Neural prostheses that can reliably and effectively activate the cortex have the potential to treat a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders (1–4). However, effective activation is difficult, given the large diversity of cell types within the cortex coupled with an inability to selecti ...
... Neural prostheses that can reliably and effectively activate the cortex have the potential to treat a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders (1–4). However, effective activation is difficult, given the large diversity of cell types within the cortex coupled with an inability to selecti ...
Spatial and temporal correlation between neuron neuronopathic Gaucher disease
... the VPM/VPL, such that it was densely stained by 16 days and was the most affected brain area at this age (Fig. 5A). Optical fractionator estimates of neuron number revealed that the robust microglial activation in the VPM/VPL was accompanied by massive and rapid neuron loss, with a 57% reduction at ...
... the VPM/VPL, such that it was densely stained by 16 days and was the most affected brain area at this age (Fig. 5A). Optical fractionator estimates of neuron number revealed that the robust microglial activation in the VPM/VPL was accompanied by massive and rapid neuron loss, with a 57% reduction at ...
Development of the Nervous System of Carinina ochracea
... species [8,9]. They are characterized by an endothelialized blood vascular system, an eversible proboscis housed in a fluid-filled secondary body cavity (the rhynchocoel), and a ring-shaped brain, encircling the proboscis insertion instead of the mouth opening [10,11]. Currenly available immunohisto ...
... species [8,9]. They are characterized by an endothelialized blood vascular system, an eversible proboscis housed in a fluid-filled secondary body cavity (the rhynchocoel), and a ring-shaped brain, encircling the proboscis insertion instead of the mouth opening [10,11]. Currenly available immunohisto ...
Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... from the somata of layer V pyramidal neurons in neocortical slices, the recording chamber was perfused with solution containing 1 mM caged glutamate (Wieboldt et al. 1994). With apparatus developed for infrared-guided laser photostimulation (Fig. 1, A and B), we were able to visually direct a 1-m s ...
... from the somata of layer V pyramidal neurons in neocortical slices, the recording chamber was perfused with solution containing 1 mM caged glutamate (Wieboldt et al. 1994). With apparatus developed for infrared-guided laser photostimulation (Fig. 1, A and B), we were able to visually direct a 1-m s ...
Chapter 2 Intrinsic Dynamics of an Excitatory
... The present chapter examines the discrete-time dynamics of such coupled neuron pairs with four different types of nonlinear activation functions. The complex dynamical behavior of the system is generic for the different types of activation functions considered here. Features specific to each of the ...
... The present chapter examines the discrete-time dynamics of such coupled neuron pairs with four different types of nonlinear activation functions. The complex dynamical behavior of the system is generic for the different types of activation functions considered here. Features specific to each of the ...
pdf file - Center for Theoretical Neuroscience
... No other receptive field property characterizes the neurons of the visual cortex like orientation selectivity. The great majority of neurons in the primary visual cortex of many carnivores and primates are exquisitely sensitive to the orientation of a stimulus. Yet the relay cells of the lateral gen ...
... No other receptive field property characterizes the neurons of the visual cortex like orientation selectivity. The great majority of neurons in the primary visual cortex of many carnivores and primates are exquisitely sensitive to the orientation of a stimulus. Yet the relay cells of the lateral gen ...
The basis of the stress reaction
... Generally, the most frequent stressors differ in experimental animals and human beings. Stressors can be divided according to their nature (see Figure 3): (i) Physical, (ii) chemical, (iii) psychological, (iv) social, (v) disturbing ...
... Generally, the most frequent stressors differ in experimental animals and human beings. Stressors can be divided according to their nature (see Figure 3): (i) Physical, (ii) chemical, (iii) psychological, (iv) social, (v) disturbing ...
The role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in Alzheimer`s disease
... neuronal cell death during stress to the brain and in acute neurological disorders such as trauma and ischemia (Choi and Rothman 1990, Meldrum and Garthwaite 1990). Glutamate receptors have also been widely implicated in the mechanism of neuronal cell death in other chronic neurodegenerative disease ...
... neuronal cell death during stress to the brain and in acute neurological disorders such as trauma and ischemia (Choi and Rothman 1990, Meldrum and Garthwaite 1990). Glutamate receptors have also been widely implicated in the mechanism of neuronal cell death in other chronic neurodegenerative disease ...
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses: the same, but different?
... thalamocortical projection neurons and cerebellar Purkinje neurons proving especially vulnerable [4,17]. The vulnerability of interneuron populations might be predicted, given that seizures are a prominent feature of these disorders, but it remains to be seen whether these events are related to one ...
... thalamocortical projection neurons and cerebellar Purkinje neurons proving especially vulnerable [4,17]. The vulnerability of interneuron populations might be predicted, given that seizures are a prominent feature of these disorders, but it remains to be seen whether these events are related to one ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and ...
... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and ...
A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... Anatomical studies indicate that the total number of synapses formed by the chandelier cells on the axon initial segment is between 20 and 43 (Somogyi et al., 1982; Farinas and DeFelipe, 1991). Here, we use the mean value (i.e., siup2/3jaxo2/3 ⫽ 32). Note that to be consistent with Equation 2, the ...
... Anatomical studies indicate that the total number of synapses formed by the chandelier cells on the axon initial segment is between 20 and 43 (Somogyi et al., 1982; Farinas and DeFelipe, 1991). Here, we use the mean value (i.e., siup2/3jaxo2/3 ⫽ 32). Note that to be consistent with Equation 2, the ...
Behavioral and Pathological Effects in the Rat
... approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiment of the University of Barcelona. Fifty-eight 8- to 9-week-old male Long-Evans rats (CERJ, LeGenest-Saint-Isle, France) were used. They were housed two to four per cage in standard Macrolon cages (280 3 520 3 145 mm) with wood shavings as bedding a ...
... approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiment of the University of Barcelona. Fifty-eight 8- to 9-week-old male Long-Evans rats (CERJ, LeGenest-Saint-Isle, France) were used. They were housed two to four per cage in standard Macrolon cages (280 3 520 3 145 mm) with wood shavings as bedding a ...
Appendix Basics of the Nervous System
... molecule, show as a ball (the phosphate part) and two sticks (the lipid part) is the key to the membrane. The phosphate part is slightly negatively charged while the lipid part is electrically neutral. The importance of this feature of the molecule comes from the fact that is surrounded by water mol ...
... molecule, show as a ball (the phosphate part) and two sticks (the lipid part) is the key to the membrane. The phosphate part is slightly negatively charged while the lipid part is electrically neutral. The importance of this feature of the molecule comes from the fact that is surrounded by water mol ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... a sensitization control phase followed by pairing during a subsequent conditioning phase. Stimulus constancy at the periphery was ensured by the use of neuromuscular blockade. Discharge plasticity developed rapidly for both evoked and background activity, the former attaining criterion faster than t ...
... a sensitization control phase followed by pairing during a subsequent conditioning phase. Stimulus constancy at the periphery was ensured by the use of neuromuscular blockade. Discharge plasticity developed rapidly for both evoked and background activity, the former attaining criterion faster than t ...
1 Platonic model of mind as an approximation to neurodynamics
... experiments [19] on visual perception in monkeys by Griniasty et.al[20] using attractor neural network of the Hopfield type elucidated results of the single-neuron recordings and showed how temporal correlations in the sequence of pictures are changed into spatial correlations between attractors in ...
... experiments [19] on visual perception in monkeys by Griniasty et.al[20] using attractor neural network of the Hopfield type elucidated results of the single-neuron recordings and showed how temporal correlations in the sequence of pictures are changed into spatial correlations between attractors in ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... frogs that mirrors the embryonic and larval rhombomeric framework and that can be used to assign the location of particular subgroups of 2°VN within the underlying hindbrain segmental units (Straka et al. 2000b). The differences in function of specific otolith organs in frogs and mammals may provide ...
... frogs that mirrors the embryonic and larval rhombomeric framework and that can be used to assign the location of particular subgroups of 2°VN within the underlying hindbrain segmental units (Straka et al. 2000b). The differences in function of specific otolith organs in frogs and mammals may provide ...
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... depolarization. At all levels of depolarization the Na+ channels open more rapidly than do the K+ channels (Figure 9-6). When the depolarization is maintained for some time, the Na+ channels begin to close, leading to a decrease of inward current. The process by which Na+ channels close during a mai ...
... depolarization. At all levels of depolarization the Na+ channels open more rapidly than do the K+ channels (Figure 9-6). When the depolarization is maintained for some time, the Na+ channels begin to close, leading to a decrease of inward current. The process by which Na+ channels close during a mai ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... The intrinsic esophageal peristalsis is mediated by the NANC inhibitory and cholinergic excitatory myenteric neurons acting in concert. Although usually termed inhibitory, stimulation of the NANC nerves in smooth muscle strips elicits a biphasic response that consists of inhibition followed by a reb ...
... The intrinsic esophageal peristalsis is mediated by the NANC inhibitory and cholinergic excitatory myenteric neurons acting in concert. Although usually termed inhibitory, stimulation of the NANC nerves in smooth muscle strips elicits a biphasic response that consists of inhibition followed by a reb ...
Homeostasis and Cell Signaling in Animals Syllabus
... by regulating physiological processes, returning the changing condition back to its target set point, such as: a. Plant responses to water limitations 4. I can explain how p ositive feedback mechanisms amplify responses and processes in biological organisms. The variable initiating the response is m ...
... by regulating physiological processes, returning the changing condition back to its target set point, such as: a. Plant responses to water limitations 4. I can explain how p ositive feedback mechanisms amplify responses and processes in biological organisms. The variable initiating the response is m ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.