Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
... variability in 5-HT regulatory mechanisms means that in order to determine the conditions in which 5-HT has an elevated effect on auditory processing, extracellular 5-HT must be measured directly within the auditory system. Concentrations of extracellular 5-HT in the brain are not only region-specif ...
... variability in 5-HT regulatory mechanisms means that in order to determine the conditions in which 5-HT has an elevated effect on auditory processing, extracellular 5-HT must be measured directly within the auditory system. Concentrations of extracellular 5-HT in the brain are not only region-specif ...
Highwire Regulates Guidance of Sister Axons in the
... powerful model system to investigate such axonal behaviors (Heisenberg, 1998; Davis, 2005; Fahrbach, 2006). The MB is composed of three neuronal subtypes—␥, ␣⬘/⬘, and ␣/ neurons—that can be distinguished by their birth order and the location of their axonal projections (Lee et al., 1999). Cell bod ...
... powerful model system to investigate such axonal behaviors (Heisenberg, 1998; Davis, 2005; Fahrbach, 2006). The MB is composed of three neuronal subtypes—␥, ␣⬘/⬘, and ␣/ neurons—that can be distinguished by their birth order and the location of their axonal projections (Lee et al., 1999). Cell bod ...
CURRICULUM VITAE - Test - University of South Florida
... is limited to the contribution of one, the contribution I make as a teacher is that of thousands. The separation of research, reporting and teaching is an artificial construct; it is all a continuum. The teaching part of science is just as important as the research. My goal in teaching medical and g ...
... is limited to the contribution of one, the contribution I make as a teacher is that of thousands. The separation of research, reporting and teaching is an artificial construct; it is all a continuum. The teaching part of science is just as important as the research. My goal in teaching medical and g ...
Retinotopic Organization and Functional Subdivisions of the Human
... Visual display. The stimuli were generated on a Macintosh G4 computer (Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA) using MATLAB software (The MathWorks, Natick, MA) and Psychophysics Toolbox functions (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1997) and were projected from a PowerLite 7250 liquid crystal display projector (Epson, ...
... Visual display. The stimuli were generated on a Macintosh G4 computer (Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA) using MATLAB software (The MathWorks, Natick, MA) and Psychophysics Toolbox functions (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1997) and were projected from a PowerLite 7250 liquid crystal display projector (Epson, ...
The Study of Brain Activity in Sleep
... Slope: This parameter may reflect synaptic strength (i.e., steeper slow waves are generated when neuronal populations are rapidly and efficiently synchronized). Negative Peaks: The presence of multiple peaks may indicate a sub-optimal synchronization of distinct neuronal populations (partially async ...
... Slope: This parameter may reflect synaptic strength (i.e., steeper slow waves are generated when neuronal populations are rapidly and efficiently synchronized). Negative Peaks: The presence of multiple peaks may indicate a sub-optimal synchronization of distinct neuronal populations (partially async ...
A Critical Review of Secondary Neurodegeneration
... that [11C]PiB is recognised to have particularly high binding affinity for amyloid fibrils found in dense core plaques but low binding affinity to soluble oligomers or non-fibril amyloid-β forms [31]. Therefore, [11C]PiB and like Congo Red and Thioflavin T are limited in their ability to detect amyl ...
... that [11C]PiB is recognised to have particularly high binding affinity for amyloid fibrils found in dense core plaques but low binding affinity to soluble oligomers or non-fibril amyloid-β forms [31]. Therefore, [11C]PiB and like Congo Red and Thioflavin T are limited in their ability to detect amyl ...
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic
... stimulus currents between 40 and 80 A. Maximal responses in which an SPN action potential occurred for nearly every RVLM stimulus were attained at a mean current of 225 A. Splanchnic SPNs, which would include those with axons in the adrenal nerve, were previously divided into four groups on the ba ...
... stimulus currents between 40 and 80 A. Maximal responses in which an SPN action potential occurred for nearly every RVLM stimulus were attained at a mean current of 225 A. Splanchnic SPNs, which would include those with axons in the adrenal nerve, were previously divided into four groups on the ba ...
Circadian Organization in Hemimetabolous Insects
... suggest the existence of a secondary oscillator for the locomotor rhythm in the central brain. After bilateral removal of the optic lobe, some crickets showed residual rhythms that gradually disappeared within several days (Tomioka, 1985). Optic lobeless crickets showed locomotor rhythms in light da ...
... suggest the existence of a secondary oscillator for the locomotor rhythm in the central brain. After bilateral removal of the optic lobe, some crickets showed residual rhythms that gradually disappeared within several days (Tomioka, 1985). Optic lobeless crickets showed locomotor rhythms in light da ...
ARTICLE Hierarchy of orofacial rhythms revealed through whisking and breathing
... anatomical, behavioural, electrophysiological and pharmacological tools to show that whisking and sniffing are coordinated by respiratory centres in the ventral medulla. We delineate a distinct region in the ventral medulla that provides rhythmic input to the facial motor neurons that drive protract ...
... anatomical, behavioural, electrophysiological and pharmacological tools to show that whisking and sniffing are coordinated by respiratory centres in the ventral medulla. We delineate a distinct region in the ventral medulla that provides rhythmic input to the facial motor neurons that drive protract ...
Review Article Type 3 adenylyl cyclase: a key enzyme mediating the
... including neurons. They are considered the cellular “antennae” attuned for detecting a range of extracellular signals including photons, odorants, morphogens, hormones and mechanical forces. The ciliary microenvironment is distinct from most actin-based subcellular structures such as microvilli or s ...
... including neurons. They are considered the cellular “antennae” attuned for detecting a range of extracellular signals including photons, odorants, morphogens, hormones and mechanical forces. The ciliary microenvironment is distinct from most actin-based subcellular structures such as microvilli or s ...
Axon Initial Segment Cytoskeleton: Architecture, Development, and
... Figure 1: Architecture of the axon initial segment (AIS) and its key protein components. ((a), top) Neuron polarity. Polarized neurons receive synaptic inputs in the somatodendritic domain (green), which transmits the signals through the axon hillock to the axon initial segment (red). The AIS integr ...
... Figure 1: Architecture of the axon initial segment (AIS) and its key protein components. ((a), top) Neuron polarity. Polarized neurons receive synaptic inputs in the somatodendritic domain (green), which transmits the signals through the axon hillock to the axon initial segment (red). The AIS integr ...
Behavioural Brain Research Ventral pallidum roles in reward and
... reciprocal information exchange [8,13,36–41]. Further, ventral pallidum outputs re-enter corticolimbic loops via direct projections to medial prefrontal cortex, and dense projections to mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus, which relays in turn to prefrontal cortex [6,10,11,13,36,38,42,43]. Such limbic-r ...
... reciprocal information exchange [8,13,36–41]. Further, ventral pallidum outputs re-enter corticolimbic loops via direct projections to medial prefrontal cortex, and dense projections to mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus, which relays in turn to prefrontal cortex [6,10,11,13,36,38,42,43]. Such limbic-r ...
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
... The question of whether stochastic choice behaviour can be rationalized, and how such behaviour depends on the choice set, has long been of interest in economics. Block and Marschak (1960) first laid out a necessary regularity condition for the existence of a random utility representation, under whi ...
... The question of whether stochastic choice behaviour can be rationalized, and how such behaviour depends on the choice set, has long been of interest in economics. Block and Marschak (1960) first laid out a necessary regularity condition for the existence of a random utility representation, under whi ...
1 - BrainMaster
... also provide ample coverage of basic principles of adult neurogenesis, a topic which just 20 or 30 years ago was considered tangential, controversial, or unimportant. The discovery that some populations of neurons continue to be produced post‑ natally has dramatically changed previous fundamental co ...
... also provide ample coverage of basic principles of adult neurogenesis, a topic which just 20 or 30 years ago was considered tangential, controversial, or unimportant. The discovery that some populations of neurons continue to be produced post‑ natally has dramatically changed previous fundamental co ...
New Concepts of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadotropin
... the afternoon of proestrus. It remains unclear, however, how neural signals converge with endocrine signals (estrogen) inspecific brain cells and how their cellular integration leads to appropriate secretion of gonadotropin surges. Previous work has suggested that estrogen may exert its facilitatory ...
... the afternoon of proestrus. It remains unclear, however, how neural signals converge with endocrine signals (estrogen) inspecific brain cells and how their cellular integration leads to appropriate secretion of gonadotropin surges. Previous work has suggested that estrogen may exert its facilitatory ...
Get PDF file
... In recent years we have developed a model of auditory cortical organization in nonhuman primates based on a wide range of anatomical and physiological findings (Hackett et al., 1998a; Kaas et al., 1999; Kaas and Hackett, 2000). According to the model, primate auditory cortex consists of three major ...
... In recent years we have developed a model of auditory cortical organization in nonhuman primates based on a wide range of anatomical and physiological findings (Hackett et al., 1998a; Kaas et al., 1999; Kaas and Hackett, 2000). According to the model, primate auditory cortex consists of three major ...
Comprehensive Review of Golgi Staining Methods for Nervous Tissue
... staining and also acknowledged the excellence of the staining method. Publications that used Golgi staining for the research steadily increased up to the mid-1900s (Pannese, 1999). This staining method was the sole technique that could visualize neurons at that time. On the basis of this technologic ...
... staining and also acknowledged the excellence of the staining method. Publications that used Golgi staining for the research steadily increased up to the mid-1900s (Pannese, 1999). This staining method was the sole technique that could visualize neurons at that time. On the basis of this technologic ...
Graziano's CV
... Graziano MSA and Aflalo TN (2007) Rethinking cortical organization: Moving away from discrete areas arranged in hierarchies. The Neuroscientist, 13: 138-147. Aflalo TN and Graziano MSA (2007) Relationship between unconstrained arm movement and single neuron firing in the macaque motor cortex. Journ ...
... Graziano MSA and Aflalo TN (2007) Rethinking cortical organization: Moving away from discrete areas arranged in hierarchies. The Neuroscientist, 13: 138-147. Aflalo TN and Graziano MSA (2007) Relationship between unconstrained arm movement and single neuron firing in the macaque motor cortex. Journ ...
Why Are Olfactory Systems of Different Animals So Similar?
... are sensitive to mechanosensory stimuli as well as chemicals in water (gustation) and volatile chemicals in air (olfaction). Of the 12 neurons in each amphid organ, 3 respond exclusively to volatile compounds and may be considered purely olfactory neurons, and another 2 respond to volatile chemicals ...
... are sensitive to mechanosensory stimuli as well as chemicals in water (gustation) and volatile chemicals in air (olfaction). Of the 12 neurons in each amphid organ, 3 respond exclusively to volatile compounds and may be considered purely olfactory neurons, and another 2 respond to volatile chemicals ...
Changing Fear: The Neurocircuitry of Emotion Regulation
... conditioned stimulus, or CS) acquires emotional significance through pairing with an aversive stimulus, such as a footshock (the unconditioned stimulus or US). The footshock elicits a range of automatic, unconditioned fear responses, such as freezing and increased heart rate or blood pressure. After ...
... conditioned stimulus, or CS) acquires emotional significance through pairing with an aversive stimulus, such as a footshock (the unconditioned stimulus or US). The footshock elicits a range of automatic, unconditioned fear responses, such as freezing and increased heart rate or blood pressure. After ...
PDF
... areas in non-human primates [8–16], where primary subfields are organised in anterior-posterior frequency gradients from high-to-low (caudal primary auditory subfield A1), low-to-high (rostral primary auditory subfield R), and high-to-low (rostrotemporal primary auditory subfield RT) frequencies, wi ...
... areas in non-human primates [8–16], where primary subfields are organised in anterior-posterior frequency gradients from high-to-low (caudal primary auditory subfield A1), low-to-high (rostral primary auditory subfield R), and high-to-low (rostrotemporal primary auditory subfield RT) frequencies, wi ...
Time Course and Time–Distance Relationships for Surround
... surround stimulus from the CRF, we designed a second, simpler experiment that allowed us to focus on the timing of the onset of suppression. In this experiment, the optimal drifting grating for the CRF appeared on a mean gray background for 1 sec, and a surround stimulus appeared 400 msec later and ...
... surround stimulus from the CRF, we designed a second, simpler experiment that allowed us to focus on the timing of the onset of suppression. In this experiment, the optimal drifting grating for the CRF appeared on a mean gray background for 1 sec, and a surround stimulus appeared 400 msec later and ...
Session 230 IOP Measurement and characterization I
... and so we are characterizing limbal innervation in mice. To understand neuronal functions regulating IOP, we are using modern molecular techniques and fluorescent reporter mice to map limbal neurons and determine pressure dependent neuronal activity. Methods: We used a whole-mount procedure of the a ...
... and so we are characterizing limbal innervation in mice. To understand neuronal functions regulating IOP, we are using modern molecular techniques and fluorescent reporter mice to map limbal neurons and determine pressure dependent neuronal activity. Methods: We used a whole-mount procedure of the a ...
olfaction
... so bundles of axons form right and left olfactory nerves They terminate in the olfactory bulbs – below the frontal lobes of the cerebrum Axons of the olfactory bulbs form the olfactory tract which projects to the primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex. Some project into the limbic syste ...
... so bundles of axons form right and left olfactory nerves They terminate in the olfactory bulbs – below the frontal lobes of the cerebrum Axons of the olfactory bulbs form the olfactory tract which projects to the primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex. Some project into the limbic syste ...
Receptive Fields and Binaural Interactions for Virtual
... al. 1983; see Irvine 1992 for review). However, free-field studies alone cannot determine which acoustic cues are responsible for this directional sensitivity because they do not allow independent control over each cue. Such control can be achieved in dichotic studies that deliver stimuli through cl ...
... al. 1983; see Irvine 1992 for review). However, free-field studies alone cannot determine which acoustic cues are responsible for this directional sensitivity because they do not allow independent control over each cue. Such control can be achieved in dichotic studies that deliver stimuli through cl ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.