Estradiol, Substance P, and the PI3K-Akt
... neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor. These neurons are activated in overlapping areas on the same timecourse. Substance P-induced hyperalgesia is also blocked by PI3K pathway inhibition. These results suggest that inflammation-induced hyperalgesia is mediated by substance P and dependent on the PI3K pathwa ...
... neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor. These neurons are activated in overlapping areas on the same timecourse. Substance P-induced hyperalgesia is also blocked by PI3K pathway inhibition. These results suggest that inflammation-induced hyperalgesia is mediated by substance P and dependent on the PI3K pathwa ...
as a PDF
... osmotic pressure or the sodium concentration of plasma and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). It should be pointed out that equiosmolar NaCl hypertonic solution is a more effective stimulus than nonsaline hypertonic solutions (345). Lesions in the region of the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle ...
... osmotic pressure or the sodium concentration of plasma and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). It should be pointed out that equiosmolar NaCl hypertonic solution is a more effective stimulus than nonsaline hypertonic solutions (345). Lesions in the region of the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle ...
Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates
... Two eye fields have been identified in the frontal lobes of primates: one is situated dorsomedially within the frontal cortex and will be referred to as the eye field within the dorsomedial frontal cortex ŽDMFC.; the other resides dorsolaterally within the frontal cortex and is commonly referred to ...
... Two eye fields have been identified in the frontal lobes of primates: one is situated dorsomedially within the frontal cortex and will be referred to as the eye field within the dorsomedial frontal cortex ŽDMFC.; the other resides dorsolaterally within the frontal cortex and is commonly referred to ...
Kir2 potassium channels in rat striatum are strategically
... Very different physiological functions are assigned to Kir channels originating in the diversity of these proteins. Aside from differential cellular expression the diverse subset of Kir channel subtypes determines the pattern of electrical properties. The Kir1 subtype is a Kir channel with weak inwa ...
... Very different physiological functions are assigned to Kir channels originating in the diversity of these proteins. Aside from differential cellular expression the diverse subset of Kir channel subtypes determines the pattern of electrical properties. The Kir1 subtype is a Kir channel with weak inwa ...
THE VISUAL CLAUSTRUM OF THE CAT I. Structure and Connections`
... middle of cortical layer VI. As shown by a double label experiment, they form a separate population from those projecting to the lateral geniculate nucleus. There are also inputs from the lateral hypothalamus, from the nucleus centralis thalami, and probably from the locus coeruleus, but not from th ...
... middle of cortical layer VI. As shown by a double label experiment, they form a separate population from those projecting to the lateral geniculate nucleus. There are also inputs from the lateral hypothalamus, from the nucleus centralis thalami, and probably from the locus coeruleus, but not from th ...
1 - Test Bank
... Incorrect: A refractory period refers to a period after an action potential when another action potential is more difficult to achieve. d. internal combustion Answer: a Difficulty: 2 4 yr.: 84% r = .31 Page Reference: 44 Topic: Neurons: The Messengers Skill: C 50. When enough sodium atoms have enter ...
... Incorrect: A refractory period refers to a period after an action potential when another action potential is more difficult to achieve. d. internal combustion Answer: a Difficulty: 2 4 yr.: 84% r = .31 Page Reference: 44 Topic: Neurons: The Messengers Skill: C 50. When enough sodium atoms have enter ...
Xenopus laevis Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arbors Develop
... to reach the contralateral optic tectum. There they arborize and form synapses with tectal neuron dendrites to form a retinotopic map, a highly ordered topographical map of the visual world. RGCs form the only neuronal connections between the eyes and the brain. Because RGCs convey all visual inform ...
... to reach the contralateral optic tectum. There they arborize and form synapses with tectal neuron dendrites to form a retinotopic map, a highly ordered topographical map of the visual world. RGCs form the only neuronal connections between the eyes and the brain. Because RGCs convey all visual inform ...
Subicular and CA1 hippocampal projections to the accessory
... provides feedback inputs to the olfactory system by means of centrifugal projections. Historically, a projection from the temporal third of the subiculum to the anterior olfactory nucleus has been described (Swanson and Cowan, 1977). Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the ventral CA1 after lar ...
... provides feedback inputs to the olfactory system by means of centrifugal projections. Historically, a projection from the temporal third of the subiculum to the anterior olfactory nucleus has been described (Swanson and Cowan, 1977). Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the ventral CA1 after lar ...
Document
... coherence/decoherence principles. The analogy has been made to quantum processes through the core synaptic algorithm which has strong similarities to the QM wave equation. EvBrain is a form of evolutionary software that can evolve "brainlike" neural networks, such as the network immediately behind t ...
... coherence/decoherence principles. The analogy has been made to quantum processes through the core synaptic algorithm which has strong similarities to the QM wave equation. EvBrain is a form of evolutionary software that can evolve "brainlike" neural networks, such as the network immediately behind t ...
Auditory cortical processing: Binaural interaction in healthy
... Currently, binaural interaction can be studied non-invasively in detail by means of cortical steady-state responses and MEG-based frequency-tagging. Steady-state responses have also been used in clinical settings to evaluate hearing in noncollaborative patients. Until now, only simple acoustic stimu ...
... Currently, binaural interaction can be studied non-invasively in detail by means of cortical steady-state responses and MEG-based frequency-tagging. Steady-state responses have also been used in clinical settings to evaluate hearing in noncollaborative patients. Until now, only simple acoustic stimu ...
Mice Lacking M1 and M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Have
... associative odor-learning task, learning to discriminate odors at a slower rate, indicating that both short and long-term memory is disrupted by mAChR dysfunction. Interestingly, the KO mice exhibited decreased olfactory neurogenesis at younger ages, a deficit that was not maintained in older animal ...
... associative odor-learning task, learning to discriminate odors at a slower rate, indicating that both short and long-term memory is disrupted by mAChR dysfunction. Interestingly, the KO mice exhibited decreased olfactory neurogenesis at younger ages, a deficit that was not maintained in older animal ...
Theta Modulation in the Medial and the Lateral Entorhinal Cortices
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
L - Oxford Academic
... ultrastructural characteristics. Some motor axons possess both facilitating and nonfacilitating synapses. The proportion of the different types of synapse associated with a motor axon probably determines in large measure the properties of the postsynaptic potentials evoked by that axon. Pre-synaptic ...
... ultrastructural characteristics. Some motor axons possess both facilitating and nonfacilitating synapses. The proportion of the different types of synapse associated with a motor axon probably determines in large measure the properties of the postsynaptic potentials evoked by that axon. Pre-synaptic ...
[Ca2+]c dynamics in spontaneously firing dopamine neurons of the
... Thus, in order to test whether the neurons we isolated produce SAPs, we used patch-clamp techniques. When we made the whole-cell configuration in a current-clamp mode, we observed SAPs with an average frequency of 2-3 Hz (n=10). The membrane potential fluctuated between –64 and –50 mV (n=10, data no ...
... Thus, in order to test whether the neurons we isolated produce SAPs, we used patch-clamp techniques. When we made the whole-cell configuration in a current-clamp mode, we observed SAPs with an average frequency of 2-3 Hz (n=10). The membrane potential fluctuated between –64 and –50 mV (n=10, data no ...
Rules Ventral Prefrontal Cortical Axons Use to Reach Their Targets
... Pandya, 2007). These major PFC pathways are well defined, but little is known about the organization of vPFC fibers within them. Of particular importance is determining whether fibers from different vPFC regions are segmented within these bundles and whether specific organizational rules can be iden ...
... Pandya, 2007). These major PFC pathways are well defined, but little is known about the organization of vPFC fibers within them. Of particular importance is determining whether fibers from different vPFC regions are segmented within these bundles and whether specific organizational rules can be iden ...
Spatially and Functionally Distinct Roles of the PI3
... Ginty, 1999; Watson et al., 1999). In addition, the catalytic activity of TrkA that has been retrogradely transported to the cell bodies and proximal axons is necessary for phosphorylation and activation of the nuclear transcription factor CREB (Riccio et al., 1997). Whether retrograde transport of ...
... Ginty, 1999; Watson et al., 1999). In addition, the catalytic activity of TrkA that has been retrogradely transported to the cell bodies and proximal axons is necessary for phosphorylation and activation of the nuclear transcription factor CREB (Riccio et al., 1997). Whether retrograde transport of ...
Insula function in anorexia nervosa
... various sensations as taste, the perception of pain, intestinal tension, itch, dyspnoea and temperature3. The integration of these interoceptive feelings are crucial for the establishing of the ‘self’ as it forms the link between cognitive and emotional processes and the current state of the body3. ...
... various sensations as taste, the perception of pain, intestinal tension, itch, dyspnoea and temperature3. The integration of these interoceptive feelings are crucial for the establishing of the ‘self’ as it forms the link between cognitive and emotional processes and the current state of the body3. ...
Ethanol Potentiation of Glycine-Induced Responses in Dissociated
... fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects are neurobehavioral disturbances, such as hyperactivity, learning disabilities, depression, and psychosis (Clarren and Smith, 1978). The mechanisms underlying EtOH effects on the developing human brain, however, are poorly understood. According to a very ...
... fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects are neurobehavioral disturbances, such as hyperactivity, learning disabilities, depression, and psychosis (Clarren and Smith, 1978). The mechanisms underlying EtOH effects on the developing human brain, however, are poorly understood. According to a very ...
Aggression in Drosophila - American Psychological Association
... to those published during the current renaissance were by Hoffmann (1987a, 1987b). Using laboratory-reared males and females of the sibling species D. melanogaster and D. simulans, Hoffmann presented a complete ethogram (word description of the patterns seen) of agonistic interactions between males ...
... to those published during the current renaissance were by Hoffmann (1987a, 1987b). Using laboratory-reared males and females of the sibling species D. melanogaster and D. simulans, Hoffmann presented a complete ethogram (word description of the patterns seen) of agonistic interactions between males ...
On the basis of animal function
... you are doing this, check if your sentence used your own words or if you are just borrowing part of a sentence you read in your textbook. Consider that if you can not write an idea into a single and simple sentence, you probably have not yet understood the material.! ...
... you are doing this, check if your sentence used your own words or if you are just borrowing part of a sentence you read in your textbook. Consider that if you can not write an idea into a single and simple sentence, you probably have not yet understood the material.! ...
Olfactory tract transection in neonatal rats: Evidence for Mitral cell
... used for quantitative analysis of dendritic morphology. To study the changes in the dendritic arborization, the dendritic intersections of the Mitral cells were taken with 20 µ increment using Sholl’s analysis41. In brief, concentric circles were drawn in a transparent sheet of 20 µ increments using ...
... used for quantitative analysis of dendritic morphology. To study the changes in the dendritic arborization, the dendritic intersections of the Mitral cells were taken with 20 µ increment using Sholl’s analysis41. In brief, concentric circles were drawn in a transparent sheet of 20 µ increments using ...
Five Sources of a Dorsal Root Potential: Their Interactions and
... generate a clear DRP (Jankowska 1992). The mechanisms producing these two DRPs are presumed to be interrelated because they mutually inhibit each other and both partly depend on g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Willis and Coggeshall 1991). A further type of DRP studied was provoked by a single shock to t ...
... generate a clear DRP (Jankowska 1992). The mechanisms producing these two DRPs are presumed to be interrelated because they mutually inhibit each other and both partly depend on g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (Willis and Coggeshall 1991). A further type of DRP studied was provoked by a single shock to t ...
Pain
... Receptor potentials have the same properties as synaptic potentials A receptor may be either a specialized nerve ending of an afferent neuron or a separate cell that is intimately associated with the peripheral endings of the neuron. ...
... Receptor potentials have the same properties as synaptic potentials A receptor may be either a specialized nerve ending of an afferent neuron or a separate cell that is intimately associated with the peripheral endings of the neuron. ...
Central Control of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems and
... a summary of our current understanding of the extensive mammalian literature. This then underpins the subsequent comparative survey of the other vertebrate groups, considered in turn from fish, through amphibians and reptiles to birds, in relation to our more thorough understanding of the mammalian ...
... a summary of our current understanding of the extensive mammalian literature. This then underpins the subsequent comparative survey of the other vertebrate groups, considered in turn from fish, through amphibians and reptiles to birds, in relation to our more thorough understanding of the mammalian ...
ITI-signals and prelimbic cortex facilitate avoidance acquisition and
... oncoming noxious stimuli (threat) and/or periods when aversive stimuli are never present (i.e., safety). Individuals with anxiety disorders commonly do not react to signals associated with safety in the same manner as controls (Rachman, 1984; Grillon, 2002; Schmidt et al., 2006; Lohr et al., 2007; J ...
... oncoming noxious stimuli (threat) and/or periods when aversive stimuli are never present (i.e., safety). Individuals with anxiety disorders commonly do not react to signals associated with safety in the same manner as controls (Rachman, 1984; Grillon, 2002; Schmidt et al., 2006; Lohr et al., 2007; J ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.