... GAD65 immunoreactive via binding to recombinant human GAD65, as described previously [4]. SPS patientderived sera (n = 7) were provided by Dr M. Dalakas (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (USA) and Professor A. Vincent (University of Oxford, UK); and TID patient-derived ...
Cerebral cortical hypoplasia with abnormal morphology of pyramidal
... primary motor cortex (M1), barrel field of primary somatosensory cortex (S1BF) and primary visual cortex (V1), which were defined in the SMI-32 immunostained sections with reference to the Atlas of Paxinos and Franklin (2004), were converted into a grayscale digital image. The brightness of each pix ...
... primary motor cortex (M1), barrel field of primary somatosensory cortex (S1BF) and primary visual cortex (V1), which were defined in the SMI-32 immunostained sections with reference to the Atlas of Paxinos and Franklin (2004), were converted into a grayscale digital image. The brightness of each pix ...
IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
... brain showed histopathological changes suggesting necrosis/ apoptosis, and these changes are linked to the thyroid hormone levels [36]. The neurodegeneration observed in the present study was similar to histopathological changes observed in this experiment. Another study observed demyelinization, re ...
... brain showed histopathological changes suggesting necrosis/ apoptosis, and these changes are linked to the thyroid hormone levels [36]. The neurodegeneration observed in the present study was similar to histopathological changes observed in this experiment. Another study observed demyelinization, re ...
USC Brain Project Specific Aims
... Much more neuronal hardware dedicated to the center of the field of view than to the periphery. 1000x more neurons in fovea than far periphery for same size input. Laurent Itti: CS599 – Computational Architectures in Biological Vision, USC 2004. Lecture 5: Introduction to Vision 2 ...
... Much more neuronal hardware dedicated to the center of the field of view than to the periphery. 1000x more neurons in fovea than far periphery for same size input. Laurent Itti: CS599 – Computational Architectures in Biological Vision, USC 2004. Lecture 5: Introduction to Vision 2 ...
Novelty exploration training tasks - Repositório da Universidade de
... maintenance of essential arterial hypertension. Taking into account data from experimental models of hypertension and from hypertensive patients, it is evident that the excessive sympathoexcitation that characterizes hypertension is deleterious leading to organ damage and increasing morbidity and mo ...
... maintenance of essential arterial hypertension. Taking into account data from experimental models of hypertension and from hypertensive patients, it is evident that the excessive sympathoexcitation that characterizes hypertension is deleterious leading to organ damage and increasing morbidity and mo ...
Neural Networks
... When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes parts in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased. That is, the correlation of activity betwee ...
... When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes parts in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased. That is, the correlation of activity betwee ...
The Mammalian Diving Response: An Enigmatic Reflex to Preserve
... in continuity with the inferior vena cava as well as an extradural intravertebral vein (169) to store such blood. The heads of dolphins also have extensive venous plexi (47), possibly for the same purpose. Many seals also have developed a caval sphincter of striated musculature near the diaphragm to ...
... in continuity with the inferior vena cava as well as an extradural intravertebral vein (169) to store such blood. The heads of dolphins also have extensive venous plexi (47), possibly for the same purpose. Many seals also have developed a caval sphincter of striated musculature near the diaphragm to ...
Control of Gonadotropin Secretion by Follicle
... and caudally to the mid-brain central gray along the same pathway as the LHRH neurons (19). Projection to mid-brain central gray suggests the possibility that lGnRH-III may be involved in mating behavior, in that this is the area that LHRH activates to induce mating behavior. The function of the cau ...
... and caudally to the mid-brain central gray along the same pathway as the LHRH neurons (19). Projection to mid-brain central gray suggests the possibility that lGnRH-III may be involved in mating behavior, in that this is the area that LHRH activates to induce mating behavior. The function of the cau ...
Stimulus Configuration, Classical Conditioning, and
... instantaneous value of the aggregate prediction, and the computation of the aggregate prediction is impaired by hippocampal lesions. Schmajuk (1986,1989; Schmajuk & Moore, 1988) extended the Schmajuk and Moore (1985) real-time version of the P-H model to include CS-CS associations and designated thi ...
... instantaneous value of the aggregate prediction, and the computation of the aggregate prediction is impaired by hippocampal lesions. Schmajuk (1986,1989; Schmajuk & Moore, 1988) extended the Schmajuk and Moore (1985) real-time version of the P-H model to include CS-CS associations and designated thi ...
Extracellular voltage threshold settings can be tuned for optimal
... We can understand these results in the context of the topographical representation of speed and velocity in M1. The scale of the topographic organization and the homogeneity of a parameter’s representation across cortical tissue influence the optimal threshold. This observation could generalize to ot ...
... We can understand these results in the context of the topographical representation of speed and velocity in M1. The scale of the topographic organization and the homogeneity of a parameter’s representation across cortical tissue influence the optimal threshold. This observation could generalize to ot ...
Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
... To examine the effects of conditional Brca1 ablation on the neocortex, we first analyzed the size and gross morphology of the P4.5 brain. Compared with the control, Brca1-ablated brains showed a reduction in size specific to the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1C). The whole-brain weight of Brca1-ablated mice ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... state, resulting in the fusion of apposing membranes and the release of neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter release occurs in two phases: a fast synchronous (phasic) component and a slow asynchronous (tonic) component (Hubbard, 1963; Barrett and Stevens, 1972; Rahamimoff and Yaari, 1973; Goda and Ste ...
... state, resulting in the fusion of apposing membranes and the release of neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter release occurs in two phases: a fast synchronous (phasic) component and a slow asynchronous (tonic) component (Hubbard, 1963; Barrett and Stevens, 1972; Rahamimoff and Yaari, 1973; Goda and Ste ...
MAP2 and Tau Segregate into Dendritic and Axonal Domains After
... course of its differentiation, a fundamental asymmetry, recognized as axonal and dendritic processes.These processesshow numerousmorphological and electrophysiological distinctions. A strict division betweenthe proximal portion of the dendrite and the perikaryon is not possibleeither biochemically o ...
... course of its differentiation, a fundamental asymmetry, recognized as axonal and dendritic processes.These processesshow numerousmorphological and electrophysiological distinctions. A strict division betweenthe proximal portion of the dendrite and the perikaryon is not possibleeither biochemically o ...
Pallidal Discharge Related to the Kinematics of Reaching
... segment of globus pallidus (GPe) can also influence motor centers by way of inhibitory projections to the subthalamic nucleus, GPi, and the nucleus reticularis of the thalamus (Hazrati and Parent 1991; Hazrati et al. 1990; Kim et al. 1976). Thus movement-related signals carried by neurons in both GP ...
... segment of globus pallidus (GPe) can also influence motor centers by way of inhibitory projections to the subthalamic nucleus, GPi, and the nucleus reticularis of the thalamus (Hazrati and Parent 1991; Hazrati et al. 1990; Kim et al. 1976). Thus movement-related signals carried by neurons in both GP ...
The supramammillary area: its organization, functions
... play a much more important modulatory role in hippocampal function than their paucity and distance from the hippocampus might suggest. SuM also has similar extensive connections with many other structures and may, then, similarly modulate many areas of the forebrain. The hippocampus has been postula ...
... play a much more important modulatory role in hippocampal function than their paucity and distance from the hippocampus might suggest. SuM also has similar extensive connections with many other structures and may, then, similarly modulate many areas of the forebrain. The hippocampus has been postula ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... activation of low threshold calcium channels present in thalamocortical principal relay neurons. The low threshold calcium channels (low threshold or low membrane voltage for opening) conduct calcium current when the neuron is in a hyperpolarized state but are inactivated by depolarization of the ne ...
... activation of low threshold calcium channels present in thalamocortical principal relay neurons. The low threshold calcium channels (low threshold or low membrane voltage for opening) conduct calcium current when the neuron is in a hyperpolarized state but are inactivated by depolarization of the ne ...
Topographic Maps in Human Frontal Cortex Revealed in Memory
... appearance of a target at a new location. An example for a 12 o’clock trial is given in Fig. 1A. Each trial at a given target location was 5 s long. The first target appeared at the right horizontal meridian and subsequent target locations were marked counterclockwise through 12 or 8 equally spaced ...
... appearance of a target at a new location. An example for a 12 o’clock trial is given in Fig. 1A. Each trial at a given target location was 5 s long. The first target appeared at the right horizontal meridian and subsequent target locations were marked counterclockwise through 12 or 8 equally spaced ...
Role of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Control of
... cognitive and motor tasks. One of the first attempts to explain such changes was the notion of the “anterior attention system” (Posner and Petersen 1990; Posner et al. 1988). It was suggested that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may be involved in target detection (Posner and Petersen 1990) and ...
... cognitive and motor tasks. One of the first attempts to explain such changes was the notion of the “anterior attention system” (Posner and Petersen 1990; Posner et al. 1988). It was suggested that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may be involved in target detection (Posner and Petersen 1990) and ...
Section and Senior Editor - HAL
... The histamine (HA) neurons, located in the tuberomamillary nucleus (TM) and adjacent posterior hypothalamus, represent one of the identified populations that projects to the entire brain. These cells discharge tonically during W in the cat and mouse (Sakai et al.,1990; Vanni-Mercier et al.,2003; Tak ...
... The histamine (HA) neurons, located in the tuberomamillary nucleus (TM) and adjacent posterior hypothalamus, represent one of the identified populations that projects to the entire brain. These cells discharge tonically during W in the cat and mouse (Sakai et al.,1990; Vanni-Mercier et al.,2003; Tak ...
Neural Activity in Macaque Parietal Cortex Reflects
... decisions, we tested whether this LIP activity reflected a persistent, integrated “memory” of these brief sensory events. We found that the responses of LIP neurons reflected substantial temporal integration. Brief pulses had persistent effects on both the monkeys’ choices and the responses of neuro ...
... decisions, we tested whether this LIP activity reflected a persistent, integrated “memory” of these brief sensory events. We found that the responses of LIP neurons reflected substantial temporal integration. Brief pulses had persistent effects on both the monkeys’ choices and the responses of neuro ...
Gene expression and specificity in the mature zone of the lobster
... sensory neurons. The wealth of physiological and biochemical data generated from the lobster olfactory organ has made it an attractive system to investigate underlying molecular events. Candidate gene approaches and small-scale expression profiling efforts have identified components of olfactory tra ...
... sensory neurons. The wealth of physiological and biochemical data generated from the lobster olfactory organ has made it an attractive system to investigate underlying molecular events. Candidate gene approaches and small-scale expression profiling efforts have identified components of olfactory tra ...
Nap, a Novel Member of the Pentraxin Family, Promotes Neurite
... The mature CNS exhibits the capacity to alter cellular interactions as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-d ...
... The mature CNS exhibits the capacity to alter cellular interactions as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-d ...
to the Proceedings
... Insects are highly mobile animals and, depending on species, show excellent performance in flight, walking, swimming, and jumping. Both by running and in flight, insects can cover considerable distances in short time. Seasonal migrations as well as precision in homing require sophisticated mechanism ...
... Insects are highly mobile animals and, depending on species, show excellent performance in flight, walking, swimming, and jumping. Both by running and in flight, insects can cover considerable distances in short time. Seasonal migrations as well as precision in homing require sophisticated mechanism ...
Analysis of Connectivity in the Cat Cerebral Cortex
... we included areas commonly found in the nemophysiological and neuroanatomical literature (see Appendix). We expect the parcellation scheme to evolve and improve as more information becomes available. Our cortical map was based principally on the parcellation presented by Cavada and Reinoso-Suarez (1 ...
... we included areas commonly found in the nemophysiological and neuroanatomical literature (see Appendix). We expect the parcellation scheme to evolve and improve as more information becomes available. Our cortical map was based principally on the parcellation presented by Cavada and Reinoso-Suarez (1 ...
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley
... will make you realise just how much the nervous system has to achieve and how many different parts of it have to be involved and functionally integrated. This is without considering whether you feel content, anxious, or depressed and how that can affect your concentration and ability to read and lea ...
... will make you realise just how much the nervous system has to achieve and how many different parts of it have to be involved and functionally integrated. This is without considering whether you feel content, anxious, or depressed and how that can affect your concentration and ability to read and lea ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.