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... 36) Chemicals released by neurons that reduce the likelihood that neuron cells will fire are referred to as a. excitatory. b. receptors. c. receivers. d. inhibitory. Correct: An inhibitory neurotransmitter is a chemical that sends the messages to neurons not to fire. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page ...
... 36) Chemicals released by neurons that reduce the likelihood that neuron cells will fire are referred to as a. excitatory. b. receptors. c. receivers. d. inhibitory. Correct: An inhibitory neurotransmitter is a chemical that sends the messages to neurons not to fire. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page ...
Meerkat Manor: An approach to simulated, genetic co
... exactly which direction is ideal for moving. Yet, this seemed to complicate the issue too much. We then tried having the meerkats only able to see in front of them, and we would require them to turn around in order to see elements behind them. Likewise, knowing when to turn seemed like a difficult t ...
... exactly which direction is ideal for moving. Yet, this seemed to complicate the issue too much. We then tried having the meerkats only able to see in front of them, and we would require them to turn around in order to see elements behind them. Likewise, knowing when to turn seemed like a difficult t ...
Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Guidance in the Mouse Optic Chiasm
... ventrally before extending toward the midline along the border of the CD44/SSEA neurons (Marcus and Mason, 1995) (Fig. 3A–D). Later in development, RGC axons make distinct pathway choices at the midline, thereby projecting to targets on both sides of the brain (Figs. 4 A–D, 5A). At E12.5, robo1 is e ...
... ventrally before extending toward the midline along the border of the CD44/SSEA neurons (Marcus and Mason, 1995) (Fig. 3A–D). Later in development, RGC axons make distinct pathway choices at the midline, thereby projecting to targets on both sides of the brain (Figs. 4 A–D, 5A). At E12.5, robo1 is e ...
Thalamocortical neuron loss and localized astrocytosis in the Cln3
... cell populations, events which occur many months before widespread neuronal loss is evident (Pontikis et al., 2004). Cln3 / mice and individuals with JNCL also raise autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) that inhibit the activity of this enzyme, resulting in elevated levels of glutam ...
... cell populations, events which occur many months before widespread neuronal loss is evident (Pontikis et al., 2004). Cln3 / mice and individuals with JNCL also raise autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) that inhibit the activity of this enzyme, resulting in elevated levels of glutam ...
The Olfactory–Limbic System and Multiple Chemical
... There are two olfactory bulbs, corresponding to the two nasal cavities, with each bulb measuring in at about the size of a pea. Despite their small size they may be compared to a super high tech communications center in terms of the tasks they perform. Millions of units of data enter the olfactory b ...
... There are two olfactory bulbs, corresponding to the two nasal cavities, with each bulb measuring in at about the size of a pea. Despite their small size they may be compared to a super high tech communications center in terms of the tasks they perform. Millions of units of data enter the olfactory b ...
Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization
... few minutes (Tang and Zucker, 1997). Thus, the proximity and ultrastructure of presynaptic mitochondria should reliably reflect the capacity to mobilize vesicles and influence the duration of synaptic plasticity depending on the level of activation and the age of the animals. Given their many critic ...
... few minutes (Tang and Zucker, 1997). Thus, the proximity and ultrastructure of presynaptic mitochondria should reliably reflect the capacity to mobilize vesicles and influence the duration of synaptic plasticity depending on the level of activation and the age of the animals. Given their many critic ...
Basis Functions for Object
... of the object on the retina, and its size. The transformation from the explicit representation to the motor command would therefore require an intermediate step such as a basis function representation of the object-centered location O, 0, the object position R0, and size S0. In fact, the problem is ...
... of the object on the retina, and its size. The transformation from the explicit representation to the motor command would therefore require an intermediate step such as a basis function representation of the object-centered location O, 0, the object position R0, and size S0. In fact, the problem is ...
The Neuronal Endomembrane System
... demonstrates the presence of sugars such as are found on glycoproteins) found that, although AR in the axon and tubular profiles near the GA in the cell body stain positive, there was no staining of RER (Quatacker, 1981). This latter finding at the very least argues against the presence of a simple ...
... demonstrates the presence of sugars such as are found on glycoproteins) found that, although AR in the axon and tubular profiles near the GA in the cell body stain positive, there was no staining of RER (Quatacker, 1981). This latter finding at the very least argues against the presence of a simple ...
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex GABA Concentration in Humans
... utility for future clinical studies and further studies of GABA’s role in WM in humans. Here, we used a novel behavioral approach to test the hypothesis that individuals’ GABA levels within the DLPFC predict their WM performance. WM is a multifaceted construct composed of multiple component processe ...
... utility for future clinical studies and further studies of GABA’s role in WM in humans. Here, we used a novel behavioral approach to test the hypothesis that individuals’ GABA levels within the DLPFC predict their WM performance. WM is a multifaceted construct composed of multiple component processe ...
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... Recently, interest has grown in how the habenula, a poorly understood nucleus providing descending inputs to the tegmentum and raphe, may affect these behavioral states. We have used mouse genetic models to study part of this system, the dorsal medial habenula (dMHb). Here we report that the dMHb is ...
... Recently, interest has grown in how the habenula, a poorly understood nucleus providing descending inputs to the tegmentum and raphe, may affect these behavioral states. We have used mouse genetic models to study part of this system, the dorsal medial habenula (dMHb). Here we report that the dMHb is ...
to eat or to sleep? orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness
... Maratos-Flier 1998, Salton et al 2000). For example, NPY potently increases food consumption when given centrally but Npy-null mutant mice fail to demonstrate a significant feeding phenotype. Anorectic pathways, such as those involving alphamelanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and leptin appear to ...
... Maratos-Flier 1998, Salton et al 2000). For example, NPY potently increases food consumption when given centrally but Npy-null mutant mice fail to demonstrate a significant feeding phenotype. Anorectic pathways, such as those involving alphamelanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and leptin appear to ...
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes
... reaction because they come into play when an animal must attack, defend itself, or flee from danger. In our own lives, this reaction occurs in many situations involving arousal, competition, stress, danger, anger, or fear. Ordinarily, however, the sympathetic division has more subtle effects that we ...
... reaction because they come into play when an animal must attack, defend itself, or flee from danger. In our own lives, this reaction occurs in many situations involving arousal, competition, stress, danger, anger, or fear. Ordinarily, however, the sympathetic division has more subtle effects that we ...
M100,907, a selective 5-HT antagonist, attenuates dopamine
... release produced by the systemic administration of the 5-HT 2A / 2C agonist, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI). These findings demonstrate that local 5-HT 2A antagonism has an inhibitory effect on stimulated, Ca 21 -dependent DA release. They suggest that cortical 5-HT 2A receptors ...
... release produced by the systemic administration of the 5-HT 2A / 2C agonist, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI). These findings demonstrate that local 5-HT 2A antagonism has an inhibitory effect on stimulated, Ca 21 -dependent DA release. They suggest that cortical 5-HT 2A receptors ...
Organization of Visual Inputs to the Inferior Temporal and Posterior
... wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP; 0.2 pi/injection) was injected into the inferior temporal cortex. In all cases, the injection volumes listed were greater than the effective injection volumes, as we observed considerable amounts of tracer leaking out of the cortex ...
... wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP; 0.2 pi/injection) was injected into the inferior temporal cortex. In all cases, the injection volumes listed were greater than the effective injection volumes, as we observed considerable amounts of tracer leaking out of the cortex ...
Peptides that regulate food intake: orexin gene expression is increased during states of hypertriglyceridemia
... to food deprivation, which reduces glucose as well as insulin (11). Further studies are needed to characterize a possible relationship between the orexins and this metabolite or hormone under physiological conditions. Circulating lipids may also influence peptide gene expression in the hypothalamus. ...
... to food deprivation, which reduces glucose as well as insulin (11). Further studies are needed to characterize a possible relationship between the orexins and this metabolite or hormone under physiological conditions. Circulating lipids may also influence peptide gene expression in the hypothalamus. ...
Number, Density, and Surface/Cytoplasmic
... have used surface biotinylation to define the fraction of transporters on the surface versus those in the nearby cytoplasm. In addition to timely removal of GABA released spontaneously or by presynaptic impulses, other possible functions of GABA transporters include replenishing the supply of GABA i ...
... have used surface biotinylation to define the fraction of transporters on the surface versus those in the nearby cytoplasm. In addition to timely removal of GABA released spontaneously or by presynaptic impulses, other possible functions of GABA transporters include replenishing the supply of GABA i ...
donepezil dose-dependently inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in
... Abstract—In the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease, donepezil (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent aff ...
... Abstract—In the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease, donepezil (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent aff ...
Connection Patterns Distinguish 3 Regions of Human Parietal Cortex
... brachium toward the optic nerve (yellow line Fig. 2a). This prevented the connections reaching a region anterior to the thalamus containing a number of other white matter tracts where probabilistic tractography is difficult and ‘‘jumping’’ occurs between the adjacent white matter fiber tracts. Using a ...
... brachium toward the optic nerve (yellow line Fig. 2a). This prevented the connections reaching a region anterior to the thalamus containing a number of other white matter tracts where probabilistic tractography is difficult and ‘‘jumping’’ occurs between the adjacent white matter fiber tracts. Using a ...
The Structure of Pairwise Correlation in Mouse Primary Visual
... Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Adult C57/B6 mice (8– 24 weeks) were initially sedated with a mixture of xylazine (10 mg/kg) and fentanyl (10 µg/kg); anesthesia was induced with a high concentration of isoflurane (5%) and maintained with continuous inhaled isoflurane (0.1–1%). Additional ...
... Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Adult C57/B6 mice (8– 24 weeks) were initially sedated with a mixture of xylazine (10 mg/kg) and fentanyl (10 µg/kg); anesthesia was induced with a high concentration of isoflurane (5%) and maintained with continuous inhaled isoflurane (0.1–1%). Additional ...
Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in
... and the directional sensitivities of these M afferents correspond to identified L afferents with the same locations and directional sensitivities described in previous work (Jacobs and Theunissen, 1996), with one exception. The exception is that one additional identified M afferent (Fig. 1, #13) was ...
... and the directional sensitivities of these M afferents correspond to identified L afferents with the same locations and directional sensitivities described in previous work (Jacobs and Theunissen, 1996), with one exception. The exception is that one additional identified M afferent (Fig. 1, #13) was ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... frogs whose stage of development was noted, all but 2 had their ventral roots cut at stages XVI or XVII (average stage = 16.0). Further testing of the frogs in this group confirmed that regeneration of motoneurons was either nonspecific or weak, in that motoneurons died, failed to reinnervate foreli ...
... frogs whose stage of development was noted, all but 2 had their ventral roots cut at stages XVI or XVII (average stage = 16.0). Further testing of the frogs in this group confirmed that regeneration of motoneurons was either nonspecific or weak, in that motoneurons died, failed to reinnervate foreli ...
A Lipid Gate for the Peripheral Control of Pain
... fibers and reduces the increase in immunoreactivity for TRPV-1 CB2, and possibly other receptors downstream of inhibition of and the injury marker ATF3 in DRG neurons (Khasabova et al., endocannabinoid degradation alleviates pain via a peripheral 2012). Its brain-impermeant counterpart, URB937, and ...
... fibers and reduces the increase in immunoreactivity for TRPV-1 CB2, and possibly other receptors downstream of inhibition of and the injury marker ATF3 in DRG neurons (Khasabova et al., endocannabinoid degradation alleviates pain via a peripheral 2012). Its brain-impermeant counterpart, URB937, and ...
Processing of Interaural Intensity Differences in the LSO: Role of
... that produced a 50% reduction in response rate. One of the problems encountered when studying IE neurons concerns the choice of a feature that uniquely describes the unit’s sensitivity to IIDs. Spike count is an unstable index because the spike count depends on factors other than the IID, such as st ...
... that produced a 50% reduction in response rate. One of the problems encountered when studying IE neurons concerns the choice of a feature that uniquely describes the unit’s sensitivity to IIDs. Spike count is an unstable index because the spike count depends on factors other than the IID, such as st ...
Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration in aged antinerve growth factor
... ameliorates lesion-induced abnormalities in these cells (6), and reverses atrophy of BFCNs (7) and spatial memory impairments in aged rats (8–10). A decline in the integrity of the central cholinergic function in aged human brain has been postulated (11) to be responsible for the neuropathological c ...
... ameliorates lesion-induced abnormalities in these cells (6), and reverses atrophy of BFCNs (7) and spatial memory impairments in aged rats (8–10). A decline in the integrity of the central cholinergic function in aged human brain has been postulated (11) to be responsible for the neuropathological c ...
Relating normalization to neuronal populations across cortical areas
... hypothesized to arise from interactions between neuronal populations, either in the same or different brain areas (Heeger, 1992; Carandini et al., 1997; Carandini and Heeger, 2012; Busse et al., 2009; Chance et al., 2002; Rubin et al., 2013; Rust et al., 2006; Sit et al., 2009), but current models o ...
... hypothesized to arise from interactions between neuronal populations, either in the same or different brain areas (Heeger, 1992; Carandini et al., 1997; Carandini and Heeger, 2012; Busse et al., 2009; Chance et al., 2002; Rubin et al., 2013; Rust et al., 2006; Sit et al., 2009), but current models o ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.