Complete nervous system 11
... B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor functions via ...
... B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor functions via ...
Temporal reproduction and its neuroanatomical correlates in adults
... neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence (Kieling et al., 2010) and is one of the most underdiagnosed psychiatric disorders in adults (Faraone, 2007). It is defined with age inappropriate symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention, and with functional impairments in social, ...
... neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence (Kieling et al., 2010) and is one of the most underdiagnosed psychiatric disorders in adults (Faraone, 2007). It is defined with age inappropriate symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention, and with functional impairments in social, ...
The cortical column: a structure without a function
... also denotes the periodic termination of anatomical projections within or between cortical areas. In many instances, periodic projections have a consistent relationship with some architectural feature, such as the cytochrome oxidase patches in V1 or the stripes in V2. These tissue compartments appea ...
... also denotes the periodic termination of anatomical projections within or between cortical areas. In many instances, periodic projections have a consistent relationship with some architectural feature, such as the cytochrome oxidase patches in V1 or the stripes in V2. These tissue compartments appea ...
Alpha-beta and Gamma Rhythms Subserve Feedback and
... Forty-three human subjects were instructed to attentively monitor a visual stimulus for unpredictable changes, in order to engage both bottom-up and top-down influences. This paradigm reliably induces gamma-band activity in visual cortex (Hoogenboom et al., 2006). While subjects fixated centrally, a ...
... Forty-three human subjects were instructed to attentively monitor a visual stimulus for unpredictable changes, in order to engage both bottom-up and top-down influences. This paradigm reliably induces gamma-band activity in visual cortex (Hoogenboom et al., 2006). While subjects fixated centrally, a ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... receptors (U2AAR). They would accordingly be inhibited during waking through these receptors. We also found that many Orx cells in the hypothalamus bear UIAAR and thus would be excited by NA during waking. Like the BF GABAergic cells, many MeR neurons were endowed with U2AAR and thus would be inhib ...
... receptors (U2AAR). They would accordingly be inhibited during waking through these receptors. We also found that many Orx cells in the hypothalamus bear UIAAR and thus would be excited by NA during waking. Like the BF GABAergic cells, many MeR neurons were endowed with U2AAR and thus would be inhib ...
Optical quantal analysis of synaptic transmission in wild
... and Ca2+ entry into dendritic spines with chemical indicators12–14 (an optical report of the activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors). ...
... and Ca2+ entry into dendritic spines with chemical indicators12–14 (an optical report of the activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors). ...
Motor Areas of the Medial Wall: A Review of Their Location and
... portion of the cingulate sulcus during a spatial delayed response task (Niki and Watanabe, 1976,1979). The differences between the rostral and caudal cingulate motor areas seen during simple tasks suggest that even more prominent differences will be present for more complex tasks. Recently, we used ...
... portion of the cingulate sulcus during a spatial delayed response task (Niki and Watanabe, 1976,1979). The differences between the rostral and caudal cingulate motor areas seen during simple tasks suggest that even more prominent differences will be present for more complex tasks. Recently, we used ...
ANS: c, p. 46, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... 42. _________ synapses make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas ________ synapses make it less likely that a neuron will send its message. a) Excitatory; inhibitory Correct. Excitatory synapses turn cells on and inhibitory ones turn cells off. b) Inhibitory; ...
... 42. _________ synapses make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas ________ synapses make it less likely that a neuron will send its message. a) Excitatory; inhibitory Correct. Excitatory synapses turn cells on and inhibitory ones turn cells off. b) Inhibitory; ...
The precision of value-based choices depends causally on
... aking choices based on the value of different options is fundamental for survival in most animal species, including humans1. A large body of research suggests that this cognitive function depends critically on integration of neural activity in several widely distributed brain regions2,3. For instanc ...
... aking choices based on the value of different options is fundamental for survival in most animal species, including humans1. A large body of research suggests that this cognitive function depends critically on integration of neural activity in several widely distributed brain regions2,3. For instanc ...
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates
... onset of vision, but synaptic pruning continues in monocular regions of the LGN during a 2 week period spanning eye opening (P8-P30 in mouse). Initially, dLGN neurons are multiply innervated by up to ten RGC axons, but by the third postnatal week, each dLGN neuron receives stable inputs from only on ...
... onset of vision, but synaptic pruning continues in monocular regions of the LGN during a 2 week period spanning eye opening (P8-P30 in mouse). Initially, dLGN neurons are multiply innervated by up to ten RGC axons, but by the third postnatal week, each dLGN neuron receives stable inputs from only on ...
Warm pleasant feelings in the brain
... our behaviour to stimuli that are important for survival (Rolls, 2005). Indeed, warm and cold stimuli may be important prototypical primary, that is unlearned, reinforcers, and investigation of the neural mechanisms that are related to these stimuli and the feelings they arouse may provide a direct ...
... our behaviour to stimuli that are important for survival (Rolls, 2005). Indeed, warm and cold stimuli may be important prototypical primary, that is unlearned, reinforcers, and investigation of the neural mechanisms that are related to these stimuli and the feelings they arouse may provide a direct ...
Long lnterfascicular Axon Growth from Embryonic Neurons
... El4 superior collicular cells (n = 12 cases) generated patterns of projection indistinguishable from the hippocampal donor cells (n = 22 cases from Davies et al., 1993). Pattern ofprojection through thejimbria. The serial horizontal sections demonstrated the topographical course of the projections f ...
... El4 superior collicular cells (n = 12 cases) generated patterns of projection indistinguishable from the hippocampal donor cells (n = 22 cases from Davies et al., 1993). Pattern ofprojection through thejimbria. The serial horizontal sections demonstrated the topographical course of the projections f ...
Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in
... the intermediate zone, whereas those from the CMAv were concentrated in the dorsomedial region. Thus, the CMAd and CMAv may innervate distinct sets of interneurons that project directly to motoneurons, and thereby influence specific aspects of segmental motor control. These results suggest that cort ...
... the intermediate zone, whereas those from the CMAv were concentrated in the dorsomedial region. Thus, the CMAd and CMAv may innervate distinct sets of interneurons that project directly to motoneurons, and thereby influence specific aspects of segmental motor control. These results suggest that cort ...
Physiology of muscles and nerves
... potential is stretched out to make it seem longer, and the duration of hyperpolarization is shrunken so the graph does not run off the page. When these events are plotted on a more realistic timescale, they look like figure 4.4. The local potential is so brief it is unnoticeable, and hyperpolarizati ...
... potential is stretched out to make it seem longer, and the duration of hyperpolarization is shrunken so the graph does not run off the page. When these events are plotted on a more realistic timescale, they look like figure 4.4. The local potential is so brief it is unnoticeable, and hyperpolarizati ...
Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... II. Orexin and orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orex ...
... II. Orexin and orexin receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Identification of orexin (Hypocretin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Orex ...
Nicotine addiction and comorbidity with alcohol abuse and mental
... the boosted glutamate release caused by presynaptic α7* nAChRs. While those nicotine-induced mechanisms enhance glutamatergic excitation of DA neurons, related mechanisms decrease the inhibition from GABAergic interneurons in the midbrain. Although a small subset of DA neurons receive cholinergic in ...
... the boosted glutamate release caused by presynaptic α7* nAChRs. While those nicotine-induced mechanisms enhance glutamatergic excitation of DA neurons, related mechanisms decrease the inhibition from GABAergic interneurons in the midbrain. Although a small subset of DA neurons receive cholinergic in ...
Activity dynamics and behavioral correlates of CA3 and CA1
... The CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons are the major principal cell types of the hippocampus proper. The strongly recurrent collateral system of CA3 cells and the largely parallel-organized CA1 neurons suggest that these regions perform distinct computations. However, a comprehensive comparison between C ...
... The CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons are the major principal cell types of the hippocampus proper. The strongly recurrent collateral system of CA3 cells and the largely parallel-organized CA1 neurons suggest that these regions perform distinct computations. However, a comprehensive comparison between C ...
Acceleration of visually cued conditioned fear through the
... of the immediate early gene Fos, an indirect marker of neural activity (Fig. 4a–c,e). After one session of fear conditioning, both sham lesion (n = 3) and rewired light-conditioned mice (n = 3) had high c-fos expression in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, but the lightconditioned rewired mic ...
... of the immediate early gene Fos, an indirect marker of neural activity (Fig. 4a–c,e). After one session of fear conditioning, both sham lesion (n = 3) and rewired light-conditioned mice (n = 3) had high c-fos expression in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, but the lightconditioned rewired mic ...
Kobayashi S, Kawagoe R, Takikawa Y, Koizumi M, Sakagami M
... 2003). For instance, monkeys were instructed to perform a spatial response in one direction while reward was associated with a spatial response in the other direction (1-direction reward task, or 1DR; Kawagoe et al. 1998). It was found that neurons in the caudate nucleus (CD) were spatially tuned to ...
... 2003). For instance, monkeys were instructed to perform a spatial response in one direction while reward was associated with a spatial response in the other direction (1-direction reward task, or 1DR; Kawagoe et al. 1998). It was found that neurons in the caudate nucleus (CD) were spatially tuned to ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Oestradiol Negative and
... increased activity of that network, this increase should be eliminated by blocking action potential firing. If, however, the increase in spontaneous transmission is due to an increase in the number of contacts made by the presynaptic network on the postsynaptic GnRH neurone or a change in release pr ...
... increased activity of that network, this increase should be eliminated by blocking action potential firing. If, however, the increase in spontaneous transmission is due to an increase in the number of contacts made by the presynaptic network on the postsynaptic GnRH neurone or a change in release pr ...
optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... on the physics of the musculoskeletal system, neurophysiological studies to explore neural control, and investigations of motor behaviour (BOX 1). As knowledge continues to grow in each area, it becomes more challenging to link these levels of the motor system and to maintain a cohesive framework wi ...
... on the physics of the musculoskeletal system, neurophysiological studies to explore neural control, and investigations of motor behaviour (BOX 1). As knowledge continues to grow in each area, it becomes more challenging to link these levels of the motor system and to maintain a cohesive framework wi ...
REFLEXES I - michaeldmann.net
... single neuron synthesizes only one transmitter substance. Therefore according to the principle, if a neuron secretes acetylcholine at one of its terminals, it secretes acetylcholine at all of its terminals. Sir John Eccles has extended this notion to say that the effect of the transmitter released b ...
... single neuron synthesizes only one transmitter substance. Therefore according to the principle, if a neuron secretes acetylcholine at one of its terminals, it secretes acetylcholine at all of its terminals. Sir John Eccles has extended this notion to say that the effect of the transmitter released b ...
Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization
... synchronized (Azouz & Gray, 2003; Salinas & Sejnowski, 2001). 2.) Local inhibition that is rhythmically synchronized leaves periods without inhibition, while nonsynchronized inhibition will prevent local network activity continuously (Tiesinga, Fellous, Salinas, Jose, & Sejnowski, 2004). 3.) Rhythmi ...
... synchronized (Azouz & Gray, 2003; Salinas & Sejnowski, 2001). 2.) Local inhibition that is rhythmically synchronized leaves periods without inhibition, while nonsynchronized inhibition will prevent local network activity continuously (Tiesinga, Fellous, Salinas, Jose, & Sejnowski, 2004). 3.) Rhythmi ...
Similarities between Severe Tinnitus and Chronic Pain
... Figure 1 Hypotheses of how changes in the wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the spinal horn can lead to chronic pain . A, Normal innervation ofWDR neurons. Large circles : sensory transmission, small open circles with + signs: facilitatory interneurons, filled circles and - signs: inhibitory inter ...
... Figure 1 Hypotheses of how changes in the wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the spinal horn can lead to chronic pain . A, Normal innervation ofWDR neurons. Large circles : sensory transmission, small open circles with + signs: facilitatory interneurons, filled circles and - signs: inhibitory inter ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.