Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Aplysia californica and Molecular
... which binding of L-Glu activates intracellular cascades and modification of intracellular proteins; they are not ion channels. In contrast, ionotropic L-Glu receptors (iGluR) are ion channels that convey the majority of fast excitatory signal transmission modulated by L-Glu and have been implicated ...
... which binding of L-Glu activates intracellular cascades and modification of intracellular proteins; they are not ion channels. In contrast, ionotropic L-Glu receptors (iGluR) are ion channels that convey the majority of fast excitatory signal transmission modulated by L-Glu and have been implicated ...
Cholinergic Cells and Pathways
... with projection and augmenting activity as they pointed out that ACh-sensitive cortical cells respond to thalamic or peripheral sensory stimulation with repetitive after-discharges and changes in the EEG. These notions were supported by the finding of Frank (Hank) MacIntosh and Paul Oborin (1953) of ...
... with projection and augmenting activity as they pointed out that ACh-sensitive cortical cells respond to thalamic or peripheral sensory stimulation with repetitive after-discharges and changes in the EEG. These notions were supported by the finding of Frank (Hank) MacIntosh and Paul Oborin (1953) of ...
Calcium Regulation of Dendritic Growth via CaM Kinase IV and
... dendritic growth, synaptic currents are principally mediated by NMDA receptors, and pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors markedly reduces dendritic growth rates (Rajan and Cline, 1998). While these observations indicate that afferent activity plays a critical role in regulating dendritic growt ...
... dendritic growth, synaptic currents are principally mediated by NMDA receptors, and pharmacological blockade of NMDA receptors markedly reduces dendritic growth rates (Rajan and Cline, 1998). While these observations indicate that afferent activity plays a critical role in regulating dendritic growt ...
Neurobiology of Pain - Lewis Mehl
... • Collectively, these data suggest that the basal ganglia may be involved in the (1) sensory-discriminative dimension of pain, (2) affective dimension of pain, (3) cognitive dimension of pain, (4) modulation of nociceptive information and (5) sensory gating of nociceptive information to higher motor ...
... • Collectively, these data suggest that the basal ganglia may be involved in the (1) sensory-discriminative dimension of pain, (2) affective dimension of pain, (3) cognitive dimension of pain, (4) modulation of nociceptive information and (5) sensory gating of nociceptive information to higher motor ...
Beyond dreams: do sleep-related movements
... Conventional wisdom has long held that the twitches of sleeping infants and adults are byproducts of a dreaming brain. With the discovery of active (or REM) sleep in the 1950s and the recognition soon thereafter that active sleep is characterized by inhibition of motor outflow, researchers elaborate ...
... Conventional wisdom has long held that the twitches of sleeping infants and adults are byproducts of a dreaming brain. With the discovery of active (or REM) sleep in the 1950s and the recognition soon thereafter that active sleep is characterized by inhibition of motor outflow, researchers elaborate ...
Sub-exemplar Shape Tuning in Human Face
... (Pourtois and others 2005) using an event-related paradigm found no significant differences between the average activation to front views and 3/4 views in face-selective areas in the fusiform cortex. Even more surprising is the finding that this area shows only a mild effect of difference in the avera ...
... (Pourtois and others 2005) using an event-related paradigm found no significant differences between the average activation to front views and 3/4 views in face-selective areas in the fusiform cortex. Even more surprising is the finding that this area shows only a mild effect of difference in the avera ...
PDF
... * Each injection contained 0 1 mg NGF. All injections started with 6-day embryos. t This embryo received injections on day 6 (1 injection), day 7 (2 injections) and day (2 injections). ...
... * Each injection contained 0 1 mg NGF. All injections started with 6-day embryos. t This embryo received injections on day 6 (1 injection), day 7 (2 injections) and day (2 injections). ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint Slided PDF - CM
... of an action potential from one region of brain to another (Figure 12.8): 1. Action potential originates in gray matter 2. Action potential is sent to another area of gray matter by projection fibers 3. Second (new) action potential is generated by gray matter; spreads to neighboring gray matter by ...
... of an action potential from one region of brain to another (Figure 12.8): 1. Action potential originates in gray matter 2. Action potential is sent to another area of gray matter by projection fibers 3. Second (new) action potential is generated by gray matter; spreads to neighboring gray matter by ...
Volumetric Two-photon Imaging of Neurons Using
... corresponding to different neuron positions, and temporal activity must be used to resolve this ambiguity. vTwINS Calcium Imaging The basic features of vTwINS-based calcium imaging data, obtained from visual cortex (V1) in an awake transgenic mouse expressing GCaMP6f (see Methods), are illustrated in ...
... corresponding to different neuron positions, and temporal activity must be used to resolve this ambiguity. vTwINS Calcium Imaging The basic features of vTwINS-based calcium imaging data, obtained from visual cortex (V1) in an awake transgenic mouse expressing GCaMP6f (see Methods), are illustrated in ...
How PACAP CeA Infusion Alters Mechanical and Thermal Sensitivity
... billion people worldwide were burdened by chronic pain (Global Industry Analysts, Inc., 2011), including 100 million U.S. adults, more than the number affected by heart disease, diabetes, and cancer combined (Institute of Medicine, 2011). The effects of pain are extremely expensive not only in terms ...
... billion people worldwide were burdened by chronic pain (Global Industry Analysts, Inc., 2011), including 100 million U.S. adults, more than the number affected by heart disease, diabetes, and cancer combined (Institute of Medicine, 2011). The effects of pain are extremely expensive not only in terms ...
JAMA SIDS
... receptor binding in the medullae of infants dying from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were identified, suggesting that medullary 5-HT dysfunction may be responsible for a subset of SIDS cases. Objective To investigate cellular defects associated with altered 5-HT receptor binding in the 5-HT pa ...
... receptor binding in the medullae of infants dying from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were identified, suggesting that medullary 5-HT dysfunction may be responsible for a subset of SIDS cases. Objective To investigate cellular defects associated with altered 5-HT receptor binding in the 5-HT pa ...
Perception of an odour that is not real
... ► One of the two cranial nerves which doesn’t course through the posterior fossa ► Only neurons which can regenerate (basal cells) ► Only sensation which is not processed in the ...
... ► One of the two cranial nerves which doesn’t course through the posterior fossa ► Only neurons which can regenerate (basal cells) ► Only sensation which is not processed in the ...
Neurodynamical theory of decision confidence Andrea Insabato TESI DOCTORAL UPF / 2014
... Decision confidence offers a window on introspection and onto the evaluation mechanisms associated with decision-making. Nonetheless we do not have yet a thorough understanding of its neurophysiological and computational substrate. There are mainly two experimental paradigms to measure decision conf ...
... Decision confidence offers a window on introspection and onto the evaluation mechanisms associated with decision-making. Nonetheless we do not have yet a thorough understanding of its neurophysiological and computational substrate. There are mainly two experimental paradigms to measure decision conf ...
Differential Classical Conditioning of the Gill
... attributable to habituation, we statistically compared the differential conditioning results with those obtained using CS-alone stimulation. The CS-alone experiments were performed at the same time, and used animals from the same shipments as the differential conditioning experiments. To ensure vali ...
... attributable to habituation, we statistically compared the differential conditioning results with those obtained using CS-alone stimulation. The CS-alone experiments were performed at the same time, and used animals from the same shipments as the differential conditioning experiments. To ensure vali ...
show - FACETS Project
... is defined by a continuous-time dynamical system modelling the subthreshold behavior of the neuron, coupled with a discrete dynamical system corresponding the spike emission. We first provide an introduction to the various models of neurons that have been studied, in particular within the FACETS pro ...
... is defined by a continuous-time dynamical system modelling the subthreshold behavior of the neuron, coupled with a discrete dynamical system corresponding the spike emission. We first provide an introduction to the various models of neurons that have been studied, in particular within the FACETS pro ...
Hippocampal CA1 atrophy and synaptic loss during
... P used to estimate volume using this formula: V ¼ T a/p (Pi), where T is the section thickness of the tissue slice, a/p is the area associated with each cross on the grid, and Pi is the number of crosses landing within the CA1 transect on each section. Volumes were estimated for each CA1 per bra ...
... P used to estimate volume using this formula: V ¼ T a/p (Pi), where T is the section thickness of the tissue slice, a/p is the area associated with each cross on the grid, and Pi is the number of crosses landing within the CA1 transect on each section. Volumes were estimated for each CA1 per bra ...
Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe
... represents the free edge of the pallium, and the associated white matter, the alveus, fimbria, and fornix. The cortex adjacent to the hippocampus is known as the entorhinal area; it is present along the whole length of the parahippocampal gyrus [21]. The subiculum is a transitional zone between the ...
... represents the free edge of the pallium, and the associated white matter, the alveus, fimbria, and fornix. The cortex adjacent to the hippocampus is known as the entorhinal area; it is present along the whole length of the parahippocampal gyrus [21]. The subiculum is a transitional zone between the ...
Central projections of the glossopharyngeal and
... in the coelomic cavity (Fig. la). At one level of analysis, the orobranchial region in the fish serves as a source of exteroceptive information (Bullock et al., '77) because of the respiratory flow of water (the environmental medium) over the orobranchial region. Thus, branches of the vagal complex ...
... in the coelomic cavity (Fig. la). At one level of analysis, the orobranchial region in the fish serves as a source of exteroceptive information (Bullock et al., '77) because of the respiratory flow of water (the environmental medium) over the orobranchial region. Thus, branches of the vagal complex ...
Immunohistochemical description of the endogenous cannabinoid
... We report a detailed analysis of the distribution of relevant proteins of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the rat cerebellum (cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei) and the two functionally related nuclei, the vestibular nuclei and the inferior olive. These proteins include the two main ...
... We report a detailed analysis of the distribution of relevant proteins of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the rat cerebellum (cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei) and the two functionally related nuclei, the vestibular nuclei and the inferior olive. These proteins include the two main ...
Document
... animals with a suprachiasmatic lesion (15). While these lesion studies showed that an intact suprachiasmatic nucleus is necessary for the expression of circadian rhythms, it was not yet conclusive evidence that the SCN is also the location of the biological clock itself. It took several follow up st ...
... animals with a suprachiasmatic lesion (15). While these lesion studies showed that an intact suprachiasmatic nucleus is necessary for the expression of circadian rhythms, it was not yet conclusive evidence that the SCN is also the location of the biological clock itself. It took several follow up st ...
Nicotine injections into the ventral tegmental area increase
... has attracted considerable scientific attention, the postsynaptic consequences of this presynaptic DA activation are less well characterized. One way to evaluate the effect of DA in postsynaptic neurons is to examine their expression of immediate early genes, such as c-jos, by means of in situ hybri ...
... has attracted considerable scientific attention, the postsynaptic consequences of this presynaptic DA activation are less well characterized. One way to evaluate the effect of DA in postsynaptic neurons is to examine their expression of immediate early genes, such as c-jos, by means of in situ hybri ...
Magnocellular and Parvocellular Contributions to
... beween the neuronal response properties in the parietal cortex and inferotemporal cortex may be attributed to differential contributions from magnocellular and parvocellular signals. We have examined this hypothesis directly by recording the responses of cortical neurons while selectively blocking r ...
... beween the neuronal response properties in the parietal cortex and inferotemporal cortex may be attributed to differential contributions from magnocellular and parvocellular signals. We have examined this hypothesis directly by recording the responses of cortical neurons while selectively blocking r ...
Use of lipophilic dyes in studies of axonal pathfinding in vivo
... During the development of the nervous system, axons have to navigate through the preexisting tissue and to establish correct connections with their targets. For this purpose, the axon has a highly motile structure at its tip that acts as a sensor for guidance cues presented by the environment (Vogt ...
... During the development of the nervous system, axons have to navigate through the preexisting tissue and to establish correct connections with their targets. For this purpose, the axon has a highly motile structure at its tip that acts as a sensor for guidance cues presented by the environment (Vogt ...
this article - Zald Affective Neuroscience Lab | Vanderbilt University
... for elucidating the neurobiological pathways involved. For example, under the DSM-IV definition of Major Depressive Episode, which requires the presence of 5 out of 9 possible symptoms, it is possible for two individuals to both be diagnosed with major depression while only sharing a single symptom o ...
... for elucidating the neurobiological pathways involved. For example, under the DSM-IV definition of Major Depressive Episode, which requires the presence of 5 out of 9 possible symptoms, it is possible for two individuals to both be diagnosed with major depression while only sharing a single symptom o ...
Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many
... stimulating the DA system, a circuit necessary for drug reinforcement (Koob, 1992). If nicotine is so effective at stimulating the DA system, why isn’t it as effective as other psychostimulants in supporting drug selfadministration in rodents? One reason may be that nicotine stimulates both glutamat ...
... stimulating the DA system, a circuit necessary for drug reinforcement (Koob, 1992). If nicotine is so effective at stimulating the DA system, why isn’t it as effective as other psychostimulants in supporting drug selfadministration in rodents? One reason may be that nicotine stimulates both glutamat ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.