Neuroimaging and ADHD: fMRI, PET, DTI Findings, and
... mechanisms in response to the impaired frontostriatal systems in children with ADHD. Similar results have been found with adults with ADHD. For example, Valera, Faraone, Biederman, Poldrack, and Seidman (2005) used a verbal working memory task (N-back task) to assess the behavioral performance and b ...
... mechanisms in response to the impaired frontostriatal systems in children with ADHD. Similar results have been found with adults with ADHD. For example, Valera, Faraone, Biederman, Poldrack, and Seidman (2005) used a verbal working memory task (N-back task) to assess the behavioral performance and b ...
Congruent Activity during Action and Action Observation in Motor
... consistent during both observation and movement. Furthermore, we find that the presence of a visual target is necessary to elicit this congruent neural activity during observation. These findings along with results from our analysis of the oscillatory power in the beta frequency of the local field p ...
... consistent during both observation and movement. Furthermore, we find that the presence of a visual target is necessary to elicit this congruent neural activity during observation. These findings along with results from our analysis of the oscillatory power in the beta frequency of the local field p ...
Functional Organization of the Gustatory System in the Brains of
... 3. Oversize materials (maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sec tioning the original, beginning at the upper left hand com er and continu ing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional c ...
... 3. Oversize materials (maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sec tioning the original, beginning at the upper left hand com er and continu ing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional c ...
19 CORTICAL PROJECTIONS FROM TWO PRESTRIATE AREAS IN
... rior bank of the superior temporal sulcus, which appears to receive projections from all these areas, regions of vertical meridian representation in area 18 project to two strips outside (anterior to) area 19 and that a third, separate, field receives a small projection (anterior part of prelunate g ...
... rior bank of the superior temporal sulcus, which appears to receive projections from all these areas, regions of vertical meridian representation in area 18 project to two strips outside (anterior to) area 19 and that a third, separate, field receives a small projection (anterior part of prelunate g ...
Experimentally cross-wired lingual taste nerves can restore normal
... the CT) nerve is essential for the maintenance of both an unconditioned protective reflex (gaping) and the neural activity observed in central gustatory structures in response to lingual application of a bitter substance. An unresolved issue, however, is whether recovery depends more on the taste ne ...
... the CT) nerve is essential for the maintenance of both an unconditioned protective reflex (gaping) and the neural activity observed in central gustatory structures in response to lingual application of a bitter substance. An unresolved issue, however, is whether recovery depends more on the taste ne ...
Might the olfactory bulb be an origin of olfactory auras in focal
... axons have penetrated the glomerular parenchyma to establish synapses or that these axons have not established synaptic contact with mitral cell dendrites. Some neurons remain dormant for long periods before developing synaptic relations, even though pre-synaptic and post-synaptic membranes are in c ...
... axons have penetrated the glomerular parenchyma to establish synapses or that these axons have not established synaptic contact with mitral cell dendrites. Some neurons remain dormant for long periods before developing synaptic relations, even though pre-synaptic and post-synaptic membranes are in c ...
Axonal Membranes and Their Domains: Assembly and Function of
... and transmit electrical signals critical for normal brain function. Here, we review the intricate organization of axonal membrane domains that facilitate rapid action potential conduction underlying communication between complex neuronal circuits. Two critical excitable domains of vertebrate axons a ...
... and transmit electrical signals critical for normal brain function. Here, we review the intricate organization of axonal membrane domains that facilitate rapid action potential conduction underlying communication between complex neuronal circuits. Two critical excitable domains of vertebrate axons a ...
Dynamic Computation of Incentive Salience: “Wanting” What Was
... dramatically to the salt cue immediately and selectively when that cue is encountered in a never-before-experienced state of physiological salt depletion. Crucially, robust neural firing to the salt cue occurred the first time it was encountered in the new depletion state (in cue-only extinction tri ...
... dramatically to the salt cue immediately and selectively when that cue is encountered in a never-before-experienced state of physiological salt depletion. Crucially, robust neural firing to the salt cue occurred the first time it was encountered in the new depletion state (in cue-only extinction tri ...
Large-Scale Functional Connectivity in Associative Learning
... learned behavior (John and Schwartz 1978). It assumes that learning and memory are ubiquitous properties of neural tissue and that the involvement of an area in learning and memory depends on the specific requirements for behavioral change (Wolpaw and Lee 1989). Our main emphasis has focused on the ...
... learned behavior (John and Schwartz 1978). It assumes that learning and memory are ubiquitous properties of neural tissue and that the involvement of an area in learning and memory depends on the specific requirements for behavioral change (Wolpaw and Lee 1989). Our main emphasis has focused on the ...
Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of NMDA Receptor Channels
... decades, due to their role in many types of neural plasticity on the one hand, and their involvement in excitotoxicity on the other hand. There is great interest in developing clinically relevant NMDA receptor antagonists that would block excitotoxic NMDA receptor activation, without interfering wit ...
... decades, due to their role in many types of neural plasticity on the one hand, and their involvement in excitotoxicity on the other hand. There is great interest in developing clinically relevant NMDA receptor antagonists that would block excitotoxic NMDA receptor activation, without interfering wit ...
Link
... orienting of attention [2,9–18]. The superficial layers of the SC have been found to process visual information that arrives from the retina, visual cortex, and FEF [e.g., 3,19,20]. Visual-processing neurons in these superficial layers are topographically organized, with the visual field input being ...
... orienting of attention [2,9–18]. The superficial layers of the SC have been found to process visual information that arrives from the retina, visual cortex, and FEF [e.g., 3,19,20]. Visual-processing neurons in these superficial layers are topographically organized, with the visual field input being ...
Short frontal lobe connections of the human brain
... The diffusion data was then processed using a spherical deconvolution approach based on the damped version of the Richardson Lucy algorithm as described in (Dell’acqua et al., 2010). The high SNR of the data allowed us to apply a relatively low regularisation threshold equal to h ¼ .02 without an ex ...
... The diffusion data was then processed using a spherical deconvolution approach based on the damped version of the Richardson Lucy algorithm as described in (Dell’acqua et al., 2010). The high SNR of the data allowed us to apply a relatively low regularisation threshold equal to h ¼ .02 without an ex ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... evidence that those REM-active neurons were cholinergic. For example, Steriade and colleagues demonstrated that most pontine neurons projecting to the thalamus are active during both REM sleep and wake (Steriade et al., 1990a,b). As both cholinergic and non-cholinergic (presumably glutamatergic) neu ...
... evidence that those REM-active neurons were cholinergic. For example, Steriade and colleagues demonstrated that most pontine neurons projecting to the thalamus are active during both REM sleep and wake (Steriade et al., 1990a,b). As both cholinergic and non-cholinergic (presumably glutamatergic) neu ...
K. Lutz, M. Widmer
... results corroborate the finding that unexpected rewards activate, among other regions, the medial prefrontal cortex. They also showed that unexpected omission of rewards activates a distinct region of the medial prefrontal cortex, more anterior to the aforementioned areas. Negative outcomes in these ...
... results corroborate the finding that unexpected rewards activate, among other regions, the medial prefrontal cortex. They also showed that unexpected omission of rewards activates a distinct region of the medial prefrontal cortex, more anterior to the aforementioned areas. Negative outcomes in these ...
Levels of kinesin light chain and dynein intermediate
... transport, an essential mechanism for maintenance of neuronal function is thought to underly the formation of these lesions in many of these diseases [13, 35]. Axoplasmic transport promotes the transport of proteins or organelles like mitochondria and vesicles along the axon, and occurs along the cy ...
... transport, an essential mechanism for maintenance of neuronal function is thought to underly the formation of these lesions in many of these diseases [13, 35]. Axoplasmic transport promotes the transport of proteins or organelles like mitochondria and vesicles along the axon, and occurs along the cy ...
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... Mammalian central neurons express a large repertoire of voltage-dependent ion channels (VDICs) that form selective pores in the neuronal membrane and confer diverse properties of intrinsic neuronal excitability. This allows mammalian neurons to display a richness of firing behaviors over a wide rang ...
... Mammalian central neurons express a large repertoire of voltage-dependent ion channels (VDICs) that form selective pores in the neuronal membrane and confer diverse properties of intrinsic neuronal excitability. This allows mammalian neurons to display a richness of firing behaviors over a wide rang ...
Medial medullary syndrome
... suggestive of MS include demonstration of disease dissemination in time and space. • Active lesions may demonstrate diffusion restriction and/or enhancement. • Lesions that appear hypointense on T1WI, aka “black holes”, are associated with more severe tissue damage. • Characteristic neuroimaging fin ...
... suggestive of MS include demonstration of disease dissemination in time and space. • Active lesions may demonstrate diffusion restriction and/or enhancement. • Lesions that appear hypointense on T1WI, aka “black holes”, are associated with more severe tissue damage. • Characteristic neuroimaging fin ...
cerebellum
... • The superior cerebellar peduncle carries mainly outputs from the cerebellum. • The superior cerebellar peduncles decussate in the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculi. • The middle and inferior carry mainly inputs. ...
... • The superior cerebellar peduncle carries mainly outputs from the cerebellum. • The superior cerebellar peduncles decussate in the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculi. • The middle and inferior carry mainly inputs. ...
Pacemaker Potentials for the Periodic Burst Discharge in the Heart
... FIGURE 3. Two examples of the slow generator type of spontaneous activity. A, uppermost beam, Gc 4, cell 53. Second beam, Gc 5, cell 54. Third beam, Gc 6, cell 55. Lowest beam, external recording. The slow generator without spikes (A) and the slow generator with spikes (A2) appeared alternately. The ...
... FIGURE 3. Two examples of the slow generator type of spontaneous activity. A, uppermost beam, Gc 4, cell 53. Second beam, Gc 5, cell 54. Third beam, Gc 6, cell 55. Lowest beam, external recording. The slow generator without spikes (A) and the slow generator with spikes (A2) appeared alternately. The ...
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy
... At upper thoracic and all cervical levels the dorsal funiculus is further subdivided, as shown here This view also shows the named sulci, fissures Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University and Copy septi,Rightas well as the course taken by entering and departing axons. ...
... At upper thoracic and all cervical levels the dorsal funiculus is further subdivided, as shown here This view also shows the named sulci, fissures Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University and Copy septi,Rightas well as the course taken by entering and departing axons. ...
Descending motor pathways and the spinal
... though unilateral contraction of the biventer cervicis, complexus and splenius muscles draws the head dorsally and laterally. Examples of hypaxial neck muscles are the prevertebral muscles (longus capitis, rectus capitis ventralis and rectus capitis lateralis), the sterno- and cleidomastoid muscles ...
... though unilateral contraction of the biventer cervicis, complexus and splenius muscles draws the head dorsally and laterally. Examples of hypaxial neck muscles are the prevertebral muscles (longus capitis, rectus capitis ventralis and rectus capitis lateralis), the sterno- and cleidomastoid muscles ...
Dense Core Vesicle Release: Controlling the Where as
... The question then became, why was DCV release increased in the CaMKII mutants? As very few DCVs were exiting the soma, the release must have been happening within the soma. The DCVs are normally docked and then held at the membrane and released only in response to a rise in intracellular calcium. In ...
... The question then became, why was DCV release increased in the CaMKII mutants? As very few DCVs were exiting the soma, the release must have been happening within the soma. The DCVs are normally docked and then held at the membrane and released only in response to a rise in intracellular calcium. In ...
Fast Network Oscillations in the Hippocampal CA1
... fast (.140 Hz) ripples were typically associated with a negative sharp wave in the stratum radiatum (Fig. 1 A). The fast ripple waves reversed abruptly below the pyramidal layer, and their amplitude decreased steeply in stratum radiatum. In between large ripples, the fast (.100 Hz) oscillatory field ...
... fast (.140 Hz) ripples were typically associated with a negative sharp wave in the stratum radiatum (Fig. 1 A). The fast ripple waves reversed abruptly below the pyramidal layer, and their amplitude decreased steeply in stratum radiatum. In between large ripples, the fast (.100 Hz) oscillatory field ...
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
... Initial phase : Neurons sensitive to it have increased firing Later phase : This firing reduces and we become insensitive to this property ...
... Initial phase : Neurons sensitive to it have increased firing Later phase : This firing reduces and we become insensitive to this property ...
Cholecystokinin Modulates Migration of
... cells. This inhibition was mediated by CCK-1R receptors. Moreover, CCK-1R but not CCK-2R antagonism caused a shift in the location of GnRH-1 neurons, increasing the distance that the cells migrated. GnRH-1 neuronal migration in mice carrying a genetic deletion of either CCK-1R or CCK-2R receptor gen ...
... cells. This inhibition was mediated by CCK-1R receptors. Moreover, CCK-1R but not CCK-2R antagonism caused a shift in the location of GnRH-1 neurons, increasing the distance that the cells migrated. GnRH-1 neuronal migration in mice carrying a genetic deletion of either CCK-1R or CCK-2R receptor gen ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.