Reflex Testing in The Laboratory
... figure, a stretch reflex is illustrated. The way it works is in this manner: 1) a tendon is stimulated (in this illustration by a reflex hammer), 2) the spindle (blue coil in the diagram) detects this stimulus and sends the input to the cord, 3) the information crosses one synapse (mono-synaptic) to ...
... figure, a stretch reflex is illustrated. The way it works is in this manner: 1) a tendon is stimulated (in this illustration by a reflex hammer), 2) the spindle (blue coil in the diagram) detects this stimulus and sends the input to the cord, 3) the information crosses one synapse (mono-synaptic) to ...
FLRT proteins act as guidance cues for migrating cortical interneurons
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
... 2.1. Regulation of reproduction in mammals The adaptive regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is crucial in the successful reproduction among the vertebrates. The central unit of this axis is formed by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing neurons which release the ...
... 2.1. Regulation of reproduction in mammals The adaptive regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is crucial in the successful reproduction among the vertebrates. The central unit of this axis is formed by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing neurons which release the ...
Critical role of extracellularly secreted neuronal pentraxin 1 in
... [9,17]. NP2 has been reported to mediate synaptic clustering of AMPA glutamate receptors [18,19]. In our previous studies, we have shown induction of NP1 in neonatal mice brain following HI and injury to the cerebral cortex and hippocampal CA3 and CA1 brain regions [7,20,21]. We found that the incre ...
... [9,17]. NP2 has been reported to mediate synaptic clustering of AMPA glutamate receptors [18,19]. In our previous studies, we have shown induction of NP1 in neonatal mice brain following HI and injury to the cerebral cortex and hippocampal CA3 and CA1 brain regions [7,20,21]. We found that the incre ...
reviews - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... through the attentional bottleneck). In addition, several higher-function areas are thought to contribute to attentional guidance, in that lesions in those areas causes a condition of ‘neglect’ in which patients seem unaware of parts of their visual environment (see REF. 111 for an overview of the r ...
... through the attentional bottleneck). In addition, several higher-function areas are thought to contribute to attentional guidance, in that lesions in those areas causes a condition of ‘neglect’ in which patients seem unaware of parts of their visual environment (see REF. 111 for an overview of the r ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... (5HIAA)-in medial vestibular nuclei (MVN), locus coeruleus, raphe dorsalis, and cochlear nuclei. The study was conducted 6 hours after UL in both strains, differing by the functional optokinetic responses of their central vestibular neurons and the time-course of their vestibular compensation. The r ...
... (5HIAA)-in medial vestibular nuclei (MVN), locus coeruleus, raphe dorsalis, and cochlear nuclei. The study was conducted 6 hours after UL in both strains, differing by the functional optokinetic responses of their central vestibular neurons and the time-course of their vestibular compensation. The r ...
Distinct Roles for Somatically and Dendritically Synthesized Brain
... molecular factors have been found to regulate spine formation (Sala et al., 2008); however, the mechanism governing spine maturation is not well understood and very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying spine pruning. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a potent regulator ...
... molecular factors have been found to regulate spine formation (Sala et al., 2008); however, the mechanism governing spine maturation is not well understood and very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying spine pruning. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a potent regulator ...
Visual Stimulation Regulates the Expression of Transcription Factors
... RESULTS The results of this study will be considered in three areas that reflect methodological differences-EMSA, EMSA-supershift, and immunocytochemistry. We were primarily interested in examining the details of AP-1 induction and how light stimulation may have differential effects on its various m ...
... RESULTS The results of this study will be considered in three areas that reflect methodological differences-EMSA, EMSA-supershift, and immunocytochemistry. We were primarily interested in examining the details of AP-1 induction and how light stimulation may have differential effects on its various m ...
- CUNY Academic Works
... There are many people I’d like to thank for supporting me over the course of my work that have enabled me to complete this dissertation. I am especially grateful to my mentor, Dr. Robert Ranaldi. You had confidence in a young undergraduate student that approached you in your Behavioral Neuroscience ...
... There are many people I’d like to thank for supporting me over the course of my work that have enabled me to complete this dissertation. I am especially grateful to my mentor, Dr. Robert Ranaldi. You had confidence in a young undergraduate student that approached you in your Behavioral Neuroscience ...
Prefrontal Activation Deficits During Episodic Memory in
... Conclusions—The finding of prominent prefrontal dysfunction suggests that cognitive control deficits strongly contribute to episodic memory impairment in schizophrenia. Memory rehabilitation approaches developed for patients with frontal lobe lesions and pharmacotherapy approaches designed to improv ...
... Conclusions—The finding of prominent prefrontal dysfunction suggests that cognitive control deficits strongly contribute to episodic memory impairment in schizophrenia. Memory rehabilitation approaches developed for patients with frontal lobe lesions and pharmacotherapy approaches designed to improv ...
Plastic Effect of Tetanic Stimulation on Auditory Evoked Potentials
... changes in the central nervous system in response to altered patterns of stimulation. In sensory and motor systems, demands for transmitting sensory or motor information within these systems can change when there (1) are altered patterns of stimulation (peripheral or central) and/or (2) is a loss of ...
... changes in the central nervous system in response to altered patterns of stimulation. In sensory and motor systems, demands for transmitting sensory or motor information within these systems can change when there (1) are altered patterns of stimulation (peripheral or central) and/or (2) is a loss of ...
Goodwin S.F., Taylor, B.J., Villella, A., Foss, M., Ryner, L. C., Baker, B. S., and Hall, J. C.
... et al. 1996) led to labeling of largely the same neuronal tissues identified in the earlier studies. However, not all regions of the CNS in which the P1 fru promoter is expressed have yet been specifically linked to male courtship behavior. Another fruitless-derived probe, designed to detect fru tra ...
... et al. 1996) led to labeling of largely the same neuronal tissues identified in the earlier studies. However, not all regions of the CNS in which the P1 fru promoter is expressed have yet been specifically linked to male courtship behavior. Another fruitless-derived probe, designed to detect fru tra ...
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 3
... Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that excites postsynaptic neurons. If a drug were injected into an animal that blocked dopamine from attaching to its receptors, what would happen to the postsynaptic neurons? ...
... Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that excites postsynaptic neurons. If a drug were injected into an animal that blocked dopamine from attaching to its receptors, what would happen to the postsynaptic neurons? ...
Coordinate Roles for LIM Homeobox Genes in Directing the
... endogenous Lim1 (Figure 1E). Thus, the pattern of neuronal LacZ expression in Lim1tlz/⫹ embryos reflects endogenous Lim1 expression. LacZ-Labeled Motor Axons in Lim1tlz/ⴙ Embryos Select a Dorsal Trajectory in the Limb To define the trajectory of LMC(l) axons, we examined the expression of LacZ in Li ...
... endogenous Lim1 (Figure 1E). Thus, the pattern of neuronal LacZ expression in Lim1tlz/⫹ embryos reflects endogenous Lim1 expression. LacZ-Labeled Motor Axons in Lim1tlz/ⴙ Embryos Select a Dorsal Trajectory in the Limb To define the trajectory of LMC(l) axons, we examined the expression of LacZ in Li ...
Identity-specific coding of future rewards in the human orbitofrontal
... redictive representations of future outcomes are critical for guiding adaptive behavior. To choose different types of rewards, such as food, shelter, and mates, it is essential that predictive signals contain specific information about the identity of those outcomes. Food rewards differ dramatically ...
... redictive representations of future outcomes are critical for guiding adaptive behavior. To choose different types of rewards, such as food, shelter, and mates, it is essential that predictive signals contain specific information about the identity of those outcomes. Food rewards differ dramatically ...
Activity of Neurons in Anterior Inferior Temporal Cortex during a
... each of which makes different assumptions about the distributions. In a previous study (Miller et al., 199 1b), we used logistic regression. However, discriminant analysis often does better at discriminating among more than two classes and thus was employed in the present study. We also made use of ...
... each of which makes different assumptions about the distributions. In a previous study (Miller et al., 199 1b), we used logistic regression. However, discriminant analysis often does better at discriminating among more than two classes and thus was employed in the present study. We also made use of ...
Read as PDF
... that a mechanoreceptor that is an exteroceptor can also function as a proprioceptor. Specifically, we study a cell, B21, that is an identified (Rosen et al., 2000b) member of a cluster of similar neurons that have a relatively low threshold for tactile stimuli. These cells are exteroceptors in that ...
... that a mechanoreceptor that is an exteroceptor can also function as a proprioceptor. Specifically, we study a cell, B21, that is an identified (Rosen et al., 2000b) member of a cluster of similar neurons that have a relatively low threshold for tactile stimuli. These cells are exteroceptors in that ...
The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers: A review
... been accurately recorded before death. These factors undoubtedly played a role in the development of the popular concept that the cognitive decline associated with normal aging is brought about by a significant loss of cortical neurons. In the first studies of the effects of age on the human cortex ...
... been accurately recorded before death. These factors undoubtedly played a role in the development of the popular concept that the cognitive decline associated with normal aging is brought about by a significant loss of cortical neurons. In the first studies of the effects of age on the human cortex ...
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and
... dorsal occipital cortex (Galletti et al 1999). While far from an exhaustive compilation, Figure 2 includes most of the partitioning schemes in current use that have been reported in a format suitable for registration to the atlas. Although there are many similarities, these partitioning schemes diff ...
... dorsal occipital cortex (Galletti et al 1999). While far from an exhaustive compilation, Figure 2 includes most of the partitioning schemes in current use that have been reported in a format suitable for registration to the atlas. Although there are many similarities, these partitioning schemes diff ...
Down - 서울대 : Biointelligence lab
... vertical bar in the figure Thus, target location for each trial had to be remembered during the delay period Neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (area 46) are recorded and found active neurons during the delay period ...
... vertical bar in the figure Thus, target location for each trial had to be remembered during the delay period Neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (area 46) are recorded and found active neurons during the delay period ...
Dissociable Functions in the Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex
... Direct single-electrode recording from the OFC of monkeys (Thorpe et al., 1983) demonstrated that the neural response to sensory stimuli depends upon the behavioural and motivational significance of those stimuli. In addition, certain orbitofrontal neurons show activity occurring after a response, s ...
... Direct single-electrode recording from the OFC of monkeys (Thorpe et al., 1983) demonstrated that the neural response to sensory stimuli depends upon the behavioural and motivational significance of those stimuli. In addition, certain orbitofrontal neurons show activity occurring after a response, s ...
Molecular and morphological analyses of basal forebrain
... shown that direct binding of PrPc is required for Aβ neurotoxicity, synaptic impairment and cognitive dysfunction. Based on our results as well as others, it is possible that high PrPc expression in the BFCNs could be responsible for at least part of the cholinergic deficits observed in AD. Studies ...
... shown that direct binding of PrPc is required for Aβ neurotoxicity, synaptic impairment and cognitive dysfunction. Based on our results as well as others, it is possible that high PrPc expression in the BFCNs could be responsible for at least part of the cholinergic deficits observed in AD. Studies ...
Involvement of GABAergic and cholinergic medial septal neurons in
... Involvement of GABAergic and Cholinergic Medial Septal Neurons in Hippocampal Theta Rhythm Ryan M. Yoder and Kevin C.H. Pang* ...
... Involvement of GABAergic and Cholinergic Medial Septal Neurons in Hippocampal Theta Rhythm Ryan M. Yoder and Kevin C.H. Pang* ...
Amphetamine-induced release of dopamine from the substantia
... dissected bilaterally by knife cuts made just caudal to the mammillary bodies, just rostral to the pons, lateral to the interpeduncular nucleus, and along a line extending through the medial lemniscus to the lateral edge of the brain stem ventral to the medial geniculate. Included in the sample were ...
... dissected bilaterally by knife cuts made just caudal to the mammillary bodies, just rostral to the pons, lateral to the interpeduncular nucleus, and along a line extending through the medial lemniscus to the lateral edge of the brain stem ventral to the medial geniculate. Included in the sample were ...
Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... respect to the exact position on the retina, size, and even view. Forming invariant representations involves a great deal of cortical computation in the hierarchy of visual cortical areas from the primary visual cortex V1 to the inferior temporal visual cortex (Rolls, 2008d, 2012a, 2016c). The funda ...
... respect to the exact position on the retina, size, and even view. Forming invariant representations involves a great deal of cortical computation in the hierarchy of visual cortical areas from the primary visual cortex V1 to the inferior temporal visual cortex (Rolls, 2008d, 2012a, 2016c). The funda ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.