Human Feature Extraction – The Role of the Articulatory Rhythm
... The functionality of a single neuron, i.e. the relation between its input and output, is well modelled by the physical relations based on the flow of ions [30]. Due to the electrical potential within a neuron, generated by the ion flow, a neuron can be set to a ‘state’, where it emits a train of ele ...
... The functionality of a single neuron, i.e. the relation between its input and output, is well modelled by the physical relations based on the flow of ions [30]. Due to the electrical potential within a neuron, generated by the ion flow, a neuron can be set to a ‘state’, where it emits a train of ele ...
Measuring Cortical Thickness - McConnell Brain Imaging Centre
... 1. Segmentation of the MR volume into its component tissue types (ususally white matter, grey matter, cortico-spinal fluid, and background). 2. Separation of the gyri that have been fused through the partial volume effect. 3. Construction of the actual surfaces into some polygon model. Tissue segmen ...
... 1. Segmentation of the MR volume into its component tissue types (ususally white matter, grey matter, cortico-spinal fluid, and background). 2. Separation of the gyri that have been fused through the partial volume effect. 3. Construction of the actual surfaces into some polygon model. Tissue segmen ...
No Slide Title
... F(t) = (d(t), v(t), a(t), o1(t), o2(t), o3(t), o4(t)): d(t): distance to target at time t v(t): tangential velocity of the wrist a(t): Aperture of the virtual fingers involved in grasping at time t o1(t): Angle between the object axis and the (index finger tip – thumb tip) vector [relevant for pad a ...
... F(t) = (d(t), v(t), a(t), o1(t), o2(t), o3(t), o4(t)): d(t): distance to target at time t v(t): tangential velocity of the wrist a(t): Aperture of the virtual fingers involved in grasping at time t o1(t): Angle between the object axis and the (index finger tip – thumb tip) vector [relevant for pad a ...
Dual inhibition of the dactyl opener muscle in lobster
... saline, the axons of OE and OI as well as a nerve branch to the closer muscle containing the axon of CI were identified by following each proximally from the nerve innervating the dactyl opener. The preparation was then transferred to a recording chamber enclosed in a resin block through which refri ...
... saline, the axons of OE and OI as well as a nerve branch to the closer muscle containing the axon of CI were identified by following each proximally from the nerve innervating the dactyl opener. The preparation was then transferred to a recording chamber enclosed in a resin block through which refri ...
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
... instead in their infantile state of complete overlap (figure 6). This lack of segregation was also apparent physiologically in neuronal response properties. In normal animals, many neurons are driven exclusively through one eye or the other, as shown in figure 7 (left). In contrast, in TTX-treated a ...
... instead in their infantile state of complete overlap (figure 6). This lack of segregation was also apparent physiologically in neuronal response properties. In normal animals, many neurons are driven exclusively through one eye or the other, as shown in figure 7 (left). In contrast, in TTX-treated a ...
From Thought to Action
... modulated via an intervening network of many neurons. Colloquially, the modulation of membrane potentials is referred to as "information processing" when examined within a neuron or network, and "communication" when described as occuring between neurons or networks. These word choices have inspired ...
... modulated via an intervening network of many neurons. Colloquially, the modulation of membrane potentials is referred to as "information processing" when examined within a neuron or network, and "communication" when described as occuring between neurons or networks. These word choices have inspired ...
Oxidative stress-driven parvalbumin interneuron impairment as a
... basis of published and new data, we propose oxidative stress as a common pathological mechanism leading to PVI impairment in schizophrenia and some forms of autism. A series of animal models carrying genetic and/or environmental risks relevant to diverse etiological aspects of these disorders show P ...
... basis of published and new data, we propose oxidative stress as a common pathological mechanism leading to PVI impairment in schizophrenia and some forms of autism. A series of animal models carrying genetic and/or environmental risks relevant to diverse etiological aspects of these disorders show P ...
Cerebral correlates of delta waves during non
... wakefulness were discarded from the statistical analysis. As shown in Fig. 1, this analysis run on data exclusively recorded during NREM sleep yielded markedly different results, and notably failed to detect any significant correlation of delta activity with rCBF in the thalamus. The discrepancy sug ...
... wakefulness were discarded from the statistical analysis. As shown in Fig. 1, this analysis run on data exclusively recorded during NREM sleep yielded markedly different results, and notably failed to detect any significant correlation of delta activity with rCBF in the thalamus. The discrepancy sug ...
Disease Modeling Using Embryonic Stem Cells
... majority of wild-type and Mecp2/y ESCs were colabeled with both Oct-4 and Nanog, suggesting that the lack of MeCP2 does not affect pluripotency. Both ESC lines were then used to generate cellular aggregates that were treated with retinoic acid as previously reported [12, 13]. This procedure has bee ...
... majority of wild-type and Mecp2/y ESCs were colabeled with both Oct-4 and Nanog, suggesting that the lack of MeCP2 does not affect pluripotency. Both ESC lines were then used to generate cellular aggregates that were treated with retinoic acid as previously reported [12, 13]. This procedure has bee ...
Technology Insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology
... Neurological disorders are not simply the direct result of an initial insult, but also represent the consequences of dynamic, plastic changes in distributed neural networks as the entire nervous system attempts to adapt. This plastic response includes compensatory changes that prove adaptive for the ...
... Neurological disorders are not simply the direct result of an initial insult, but also represent the consequences of dynamic, plastic changes in distributed neural networks as the entire nervous system attempts to adapt. This plastic response includes compensatory changes that prove adaptive for the ...
Axonal wiring of guanylate cyclase-D
... The main and accessory olfactory systems of the mouse detect a large variety of chemical stimuli from the external environment. Chemoreception is mediated by several types of receptor molecules that are expressed by specialized sensory neurons (Axel, 2005; Buck, 2005; Mombaerts, 2004). The informati ...
... The main and accessory olfactory systems of the mouse detect a large variety of chemical stimuli from the external environment. Chemoreception is mediated by several types of receptor molecules that are expressed by specialized sensory neurons (Axel, 2005; Buck, 2005; Mombaerts, 2004). The informati ...
Linking Objects to Actions: Encoding of Target Object and Grasping
... without any information regarding behavioral condition (unsupervised dimensionality reduction). Instead, the method relies on the intrinsic properties of the neural data and does not require an explicit model of the relationship between neural activity and external variables. The SSIMS algorithm beg ...
... without any information regarding behavioral condition (unsupervised dimensionality reduction). Instead, the method relies on the intrinsic properties of the neural data and does not require an explicit model of the relationship between neural activity and external variables. The SSIMS algorithm beg ...
The Journal of Neuroscience http://jneurosci.msubmit.net Ana
... Chronic restraint stress (CRS) induces the remodeling (i.e. retraction and simplification) of the apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in rats, suggesting that intrahippocampal connectivity can be affected by a prolonged stressful challenge. Since the structural maintenance of neuro ...
... Chronic restraint stress (CRS) induces the remodeling (i.e. retraction and simplification) of the apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in rats, suggesting that intrahippocampal connectivity can be affected by a prolonged stressful challenge. Since the structural maintenance of neuro ...
PDF - Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
... suggesting possible analgesic effect of GDNF on neuropathic pain in spinal cord-injured rats (16). According to GDNF’s role reported previously in neuroplasticity in rats, it may act as a therapeutic promise for neurological disorders. But previous studies on SCI treatment mainly focus on rodents, w ...
... suggesting possible analgesic effect of GDNF on neuropathic pain in spinal cord-injured rats (16). According to GDNF’s role reported previously in neuroplasticity in rats, it may act as a therapeutic promise for neurological disorders. But previous studies on SCI treatment mainly focus on rodents, w ...
Quick Quiz 1 - child-development-2011
... 5.14 Initially infants are only able to bat at objects; then they then learn to grasp them utilizing their whole hand. Later, infants are able to pick up small objects with just their index finger and thumb. This illustrates the ___________ principle. a. cephalocaudal c. hierarchical integration b. ...
... 5.14 Initially infants are only able to bat at objects; then they then learn to grasp them utilizing their whole hand. Later, infants are able to pick up small objects with just their index finger and thumb. This illustrates the ___________ principle. a. cephalocaudal c. hierarchical integration b. ...
Prefrontal Cortex Activity during Flexible Categorization
... Items are categorized differently depending on the behavioral context. For instance, a lion can be categorized as an African animal or a type of cat. We recorded lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) neural activity while monkeys switched between categorizing the same image set along two different categor ...
... Items are categorized differently depending on the behavioral context. For instance, a lion can be categorized as an African animal or a type of cat. We recorded lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) neural activity while monkeys switched between categorizing the same image set along two different categor ...
Can mechanistic explanation be reconciled with
... mathematical framework to accommodate activity on scale-free time-scales. This seems to be the perspective favored by Braun and Marom (this issue). While granting the value of appropriate mathematical representations, I argue for the continued pursuit of mechanistic explanations that impose time-win ...
... mathematical framework to accommodate activity on scale-free time-scales. This seems to be the perspective favored by Braun and Marom (this issue). While granting the value of appropriate mathematical representations, I argue for the continued pursuit of mechanistic explanations that impose time-win ...
Stress, serotonin, and hippocampal neurogenesis
... in neurons of midbrain raphe nuclei, primarily by the dorsal raphe (DR), which contains about half of the mammalian nervous system’s 5-HT neurons and represents a major source of 5-HT projections in the central nervous system, including the spinal cord (Dahlstroem and Fuxe, 1964; Descarries et al., ...
... in neurons of midbrain raphe nuclei, primarily by the dorsal raphe (DR), which contains about half of the mammalian nervous system’s 5-HT neurons and represents a major source of 5-HT projections in the central nervous system, including the spinal cord (Dahlstroem and Fuxe, 1964; Descarries et al., ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... nuclei (particularly massive to SNc and STN). PPN receives massive GABAergic inputs from basal ganglia output nuclei (GPi, SNr) and from STN. Cholinergic neurons in PPN undergo massive degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. ...
... nuclei (particularly massive to SNc and STN). PPN receives massive GABAergic inputs from basal ganglia output nuclei (GPi, SNr) and from STN. Cholinergic neurons in PPN undergo massive degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. ...
The what, where and how of auditory
... and whom did it come? What does it tell me? How can I use this information to plan an action? There is broad agreement that the ventral auditory pathway — a pathway of brain regions that includes the core auditory cortex, the anterolateral belt region of the auditory cortex and the ventrolateral pre ...
... and whom did it come? What does it tell me? How can I use this information to plan an action? There is broad agreement that the ventral auditory pathway — a pathway of brain regions that includes the core auditory cortex, the anterolateral belt region of the auditory cortex and the ventrolateral pre ...
Hrk/DP5 contributes to the apoptosis of select neuronal populations
... DP5), NOXA and BBC3 (also known and hereafter referred to as PUMA)] (Huang and Strasser, 2000). BH3-only proteins are essential initiators of developmentally programmed cell death but their activity is dependent on the Bax/Bak-like proteins (Huang and Strasser, 2000; Willis and Adams, 2005). ...
... DP5), NOXA and BBC3 (also known and hereafter referred to as PUMA)] (Huang and Strasser, 2000). BH3-only proteins are essential initiators of developmentally programmed cell death but their activity is dependent on the Bax/Bak-like proteins (Huang and Strasser, 2000; Willis and Adams, 2005). ...
primary visual cortex and visual awareness
... Visual attention can be directed to a particular region of space, visual feature or object, and can enhance the neural processing of attended stimuli and suppress the processing of irrelevant stimuli. Behavioural studies indicate that attention is necessary but not sufficient for visual awareness — ...
... Visual attention can be directed to a particular region of space, visual feature or object, and can enhance the neural processing of attended stimuli and suppress the processing of irrelevant stimuli. Behavioural studies indicate that attention is necessary but not sufficient for visual awareness — ...
Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction
... times (SSRT) in ADHD (Cohen’s effect size, dZ0.58) [18]. However, several potential confounds complicate the interpretation of this difference. First, children with ADHD also exhibit significantly slower RTs to Go stimuli (dZ0.52) which may disproportionately influence the calculation of the SSRT. S ...
... times (SSRT) in ADHD (Cohen’s effect size, dZ0.58) [18]. However, several potential confounds complicate the interpretation of this difference. First, children with ADHD also exhibit significantly slower RTs to Go stimuli (dZ0.52) which may disproportionately influence the calculation of the SSRT. S ...
Time-Dependent Activation of Feed-Forward Inhibition in
... ACTIVATION OF FEED-FORWARD INHIBITION DURING LOOMING ...
... ACTIVATION OF FEED-FORWARD INHIBITION DURING LOOMING ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.