Integration of Sensory and Reward Information
... To determine how sensory and reward information are integrated at the cellular level, we recorded from single neurons in LIP while the monkeys performed this task. Our analyses were designed to address four questions, the first two descriptive and last two mechanistic: 1) Are reward and sensory info ...
... To determine how sensory and reward information are integrated at the cellular level, we recorded from single neurons in LIP while the monkeys performed this task. Our analyses were designed to address four questions, the first two descriptive and last two mechanistic: 1) Are reward and sensory info ...
Spinal sympathetic interneurons: Their identification and roles after
... Figure 1 illustrates a case in which the first of these criteria was met. The 75 ms lag between bursts of ongoing activity of the interneuron and bursts of ongoing sympathetic nerve activity represents an aggregate conduction velocity of approximately 0.5 m/s, which is consistent with the expected co ...
... Figure 1 illustrates a case in which the first of these criteria was met. The 75 ms lag between bursts of ongoing activity of the interneuron and bursts of ongoing sympathetic nerve activity represents an aggregate conduction velocity of approximately 0.5 m/s, which is consistent with the expected co ...
Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms
... Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? • Sleep also plays an important role in enhancing learning and strengthening memory. – Performance on a newly learned task is often better the next day if adequate sleep is achieved during the night. • Increased brain activity occurs in the area of the brain activate ...
... Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams? • Sleep also plays an important role in enhancing learning and strengthening memory. – Performance on a newly learned task is often better the next day if adequate sleep is achieved during the night. • Increased brain activity occurs in the area of the brain activate ...
cHaPter 3
... the wrinkly looking surface and feel its many bulges and grooves. This outer layer of tissue (the cerebral cortex) covers the largest part of the brain (the cerebrum). If you actually touched the brain of a living person they would not feel anything. Only if you stimulated some part beneath the surf ...
... the wrinkly looking surface and feel its many bulges and grooves. This outer layer of tissue (the cerebral cortex) covers the largest part of the brain (the cerebrum). If you actually touched the brain of a living person they would not feel anything. Only if you stimulated some part beneath the surf ...
Lecture Guide - TestbankCart.com
... Learning Objective 2.6 – How do psychologists study the brain and how it works? A. LESIONING STUDIES (p. 65) 1. We can study the brain by using deep lesioning to destroy certain areas of the brain in laboratory animals or by electrically stimulating those areas (ESB). 2. We can use case studies of h ...
... Learning Objective 2.6 – How do psychologists study the brain and how it works? A. LESIONING STUDIES (p. 65) 1. We can study the brain by using deep lesioning to destroy certain areas of the brain in laboratory animals or by electrically stimulating those areas (ESB). 2. We can use case studies of h ...
PDF
... of these genes is regulated at different stages of neuronal development, it is essential to study a well-characterised population of neurons that is accessible from the earliest stages of its development. For this reason, we studied the mouse embryo trigeminal ganglion, a population of NGFdependent ...
... of these genes is regulated at different stages of neuronal development, it is essential to study a well-characterised population of neurons that is accessible from the earliest stages of its development. For this reason, we studied the mouse embryo trigeminal ganglion, a population of NGFdependent ...
Growth and Targeting of Subplate Axons and Establishment of Major
... extent of the internal capsule and extend into its continuation, the cerebral peduncle. The internal capsule serves as an axonal pathway not only for cortical efferents, but also for cortical afferents. For example, axons arising from the thalamus, the major source of cortical afferents, traverse th ...
... extent of the internal capsule and extend into its continuation, the cerebral peduncle. The internal capsule serves as an axonal pathway not only for cortical efferents, but also for cortical afferents. For example, axons arising from the thalamus, the major source of cortical afferents, traverse th ...
Arc mRNA induction in striatal efferent neurons associated with response learning
... Care and Use Committee at the University of Utah. ...
... Care and Use Committee at the University of Utah. ...
The influence of James and Darwin on Cajal and his
... idea was that although the cerebral hemispheres were associated with certain functions, they were not acting in isolation, but rather in conjunction with the entire organism. Thus, this idea of continuity or cooperation between the parts was not incompatible with the existence of reflex, such as mo ...
... idea was that although the cerebral hemispheres were associated with certain functions, they were not acting in isolation, but rather in conjunction with the entire organism. Thus, this idea of continuity or cooperation between the parts was not incompatible with the existence of reflex, such as mo ...
online age page age page proofs proofs
... of minutes, if you turned the brain upside down, you would see a flattened bit left in the tissue from the weight of the brain resting in your hands. This would give you an idea of how delicate it is. To protect and keep this fragile organ in place, the brain is covered by three transparent, ‘skin-l ...
... of minutes, if you turned the brain upside down, you would see a flattened bit left in the tissue from the weight of the brain resting in your hands. This would give you an idea of how delicate it is. To protect and keep this fragile organ in place, the brain is covered by three transparent, ‘skin-l ...
Pattern adaptation and cross-orientation interactions in the primary
... 0028-3908/98/$19.00 © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S0028-3908(98)00069-0 ...
... 0028-3908/98/$19.00 © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S0028-3908(98)00069-0 ...
Dokument_1 - KLUEDO - Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
... The SOC is the first station where the information from both ears converges (review: Illing et al., 2000). It consists of several nuclei, and the main ones are the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraoli ...
... The SOC is the first station where the information from both ears converges (review: Illing et al., 2000). It consists of several nuclei, and the main ones are the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraoli ...
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral
... dorsal occipital cortex (Galletti et al 1999). While far from an exhaustive compilation, Figure 2 includes most of the partitioning schemes in current use that have been reported in a format suitable for registration to the atlas. Although there are many similarities, these partitioning schemes diff ...
... dorsal occipital cortex (Galletti et al 1999). While far from an exhaustive compilation, Figure 2 includes most of the partitioning schemes in current use that have been reported in a format suitable for registration to the atlas. Although there are many similarities, these partitioning schemes diff ...
melanogaster
... cells involved in this computation are under active research, and a complete picture has yet to emerge (Clark et al., 2011; Eichner et al., 2011). Partly due to the accessibility of a set of large interneurons located in the lobula plate, we know a great deal more about higher order visual processin ...
... cells involved in this computation are under active research, and a complete picture has yet to emerge (Clark et al., 2011; Eichner et al., 2011). Partly due to the accessibility of a set of large interneurons located in the lobula plate, we know a great deal more about higher order visual processin ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... greater than the sensitization reference level; the fifth consecutive trial was noted as the trial(s) to criterion. This criterion was met in 17 of the 19 sessions in which acoustically evoked dilations were recorded. During the 20th session, the pupil dilated to a maximum level early in the conditi ...
... greater than the sensitization reference level; the fifth consecutive trial was noted as the trial(s) to criterion. This criterion was met in 17 of the 19 sessions in which acoustically evoked dilations were recorded. During the 20th session, the pupil dilated to a maximum level early in the conditi ...
Csercsa Richárd
... Sleep is a condition during which animals are resting and their responses to external sensory stimuli (sounds, touch, smell) and processing of the information these stimuli carry are altered compared to the waking state. Most of these stimuli don’t reach the conscious level, they fade in the neurona ...
... Sleep is a condition during which animals are resting and their responses to external sensory stimuli (sounds, touch, smell) and processing of the information these stimuli carry are altered compared to the waking state. Most of these stimuli don’t reach the conscious level, they fade in the neurona ...
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Molecular Switches Regulating CNS
... CNS neurons to regenerate is not entirely associated with their intrinsic deficits, but rather attributed to the generation of an inhibitory environment in the CNS. After injury, severed axons retain, at least in part, the regenerative capacity to form functionally active growth cones and produce ax ...
... CNS neurons to regenerate is not entirely associated with their intrinsic deficits, but rather attributed to the generation of an inhibitory environment in the CNS. After injury, severed axons retain, at least in part, the regenerative capacity to form functionally active growth cones and produce ax ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... Figure 1. Several elements of the neural circuit for feeding behavior. Sensory neurons in the cerebral ganglion (i.e., cerebral mechanoafferents, CM) mediate tactile stimuli from the lips. A subclass of CM cells (i.e., interganglionic cerebral buccal mechanoafferents, ICBM) projects to the buccal ga ...
... Figure 1. Several elements of the neural circuit for feeding behavior. Sensory neurons in the cerebral ganglion (i.e., cerebral mechanoafferents, CM) mediate tactile stimuli from the lips. A subclass of CM cells (i.e., interganglionic cerebral buccal mechanoafferents, ICBM) projects to the buccal ga ...
Aalborg Universitet Brain plasticity Wang, Li
... or after various modulatory effects. Study I used painful and non-painful finger stimulation applied to the thumb and little finger tips which as an experimental model to present the brain response to the peripheral stimulation. Study II explored the effect of acupuncture modulation on EEG power spe ...
... or after various modulatory effects. Study I used painful and non-painful finger stimulation applied to the thumb and little finger tips which as an experimental model to present the brain response to the peripheral stimulation. Study II explored the effect of acupuncture modulation on EEG power spe ...
Alertness and feeding behaviors in ADHD: Does the hypocretin
... Summary Increasing evidence has suggested that patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may present with a deficit of alertness and sleep disturbances. Recent studies have also pointed out a previously underestimated association between ADHD and abnormal eating behaviors, includ ...
... Summary Increasing evidence has suggested that patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may present with a deficit of alertness and sleep disturbances. Recent studies have also pointed out a previously underestimated association between ADHD and abnormal eating behaviors, includ ...
Review Mitochondrial movement and positioning in axons
... neurotrophins. Neurotrophins are trophic factors that act via the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases and several downstream intracellular signaling pathways to support the growth, survival, differentiation and maintenance of neurons (Huang and Reichardt, 2001; Lewin and Barde, 1996). One member ...
... neurotrophins. Neurotrophins are trophic factors that act via the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases and several downstream intracellular signaling pathways to support the growth, survival, differentiation and maintenance of neurons (Huang and Reichardt, 2001; Lewin and Barde, 1996). One member ...
physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: rapid induction by learning
... Given that learning involves not merely the acquisition of responses, but also the acquisition of information about relationships between stimuli, it is still necessary to have a behavioral index of learning. A behavioral response that develops due to the association of two stimuli permits the infer ...
... Given that learning involves not merely the acquisition of responses, but also the acquisition of information about relationships between stimuli, it is still necessary to have a behavioral index of learning. A behavioral response that develops due to the association of two stimuli permits the infer ...
Vestibular System: The Many Facets of a
... processing of vestibularly driven reflexes. The relative simplicity of the neural circuits that mediate vestibular reflexes have also proven to be well suited for linking systems and cellular levels of analyses. A unique feature of the vestibular system is that many second-order sensory neurons in the ...
... processing of vestibularly driven reflexes. The relative simplicity of the neural circuits that mediate vestibular reflexes have also proven to be well suited for linking systems and cellular levels of analyses. A unique feature of the vestibular system is that many second-order sensory neurons in the ...
Sample
... 11) The portion of a neuron that carries a signal toward the cell body is the A) soma. B) axon terminal. C) presynaptic membrane. D) dendrite. E) glial membrane. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21-22 Objective: Factual LO: 2.1 APA:1.1 12) The physical gap between two nerve cells across which messages a ...
... 11) The portion of a neuron that carries a signal toward the cell body is the A) soma. B) axon terminal. C) presynaptic membrane. D) dendrite. E) glial membrane. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21-22 Objective: Factual LO: 2.1 APA:1.1 12) The physical gap between two nerve cells across which messages a ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.