A perceptual representation in the frontal eye field during covert
... then were defined as the beginnings and ends of the monotonic changes in eye position that lasted for at least 10 ms. A lever turn was defined as a turn > 15 from vertical. The beginning and end of each lever turn were defined as the beginning and end of the monotonic change in lever position before a ...
... then were defined as the beginnings and ends of the monotonic changes in eye position that lasted for at least 10 ms. A lever turn was defined as a turn > 15 from vertical. The beginning and end of each lever turn were defined as the beginning and end of the monotonic change in lever position before a ...
Vagal Ischemia Induced Lung Immune Component Infarct Following
... of efferent and afferent vagal reflex pathways that regulate respiration. The GPN, other lower cranial nerves and upper cervical spinal nerves are injured as well. Disruption extends into the cervical spinal canal, aggravating the mortal effects of SAH. These result in alteration in breathing patter ...
... of efferent and afferent vagal reflex pathways that regulate respiration. The GPN, other lower cranial nerves and upper cervical spinal nerves are injured as well. Disruption extends into the cervical spinal canal, aggravating the mortal effects of SAH. These result in alteration in breathing patter ...
HLH-14 is a C. elegans Achaete-Scute protein that
... characteristics. Yet HLH-14 does not have a strictly proneural role; it appears to act in neuronal differentiation as well. Additionally, genetic data suggest that hlh-14 and hlh-2 act together in neurogenesis. Surprisingly, we find that loss of hlh-14 function causes an asymmetric cell division def ...
... characteristics. Yet HLH-14 does not have a strictly proneural role; it appears to act in neuronal differentiation as well. Additionally, genetic data suggest that hlh-14 and hlh-2 act together in neurogenesis. Surprisingly, we find that loss of hlh-14 function causes an asymmetric cell division def ...
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
... encountering food, water, a sexual partner, or some fear- or pain-producing situation. Thus, there are two basic types of reinforcers: positive (rewarding) and negative (aversive). In the present theory reinforcers promote behavior change because they produce a specific class of responses with littl ...
... encountering food, water, a sexual partner, or some fear- or pain-producing situation. Thus, there are two basic types of reinforcers: positive (rewarding) and negative (aversive). In the present theory reinforcers promote behavior change because they produce a specific class of responses with littl ...
PPT
... – Maps for the direction of either arm or eye movements that the monkey is intending to perform(SUA) – Direction of planned arm and eye movements(LFP) – Tuning widths for movement directions(LFP, SUA) LFP in general shows responses properties similar to that of the neurons recorded in the same brain ...
... – Maps for the direction of either arm or eye movements that the monkey is intending to perform(SUA) – Direction of planned arm and eye movements(LFP) – Tuning widths for movement directions(LFP, SUA) LFP in general shows responses properties similar to that of the neurons recorded in the same brain ...
Predominance of Movement Speed Over Direction in Neuronal
... vector. Recently, there is also increasing interest in the representation of movement parameters in neuronal population activity, such as reflected in the intracranial EEG (iEEG). We show that in iEEG, contrasting to what has been previously found on the single neuron level, speed predominates over v ...
... vector. Recently, there is also increasing interest in the representation of movement parameters in neuronal population activity, such as reflected in the intracranial EEG (iEEG). We show that in iEEG, contrasting to what has been previously found on the single neuron level, speed predominates over v ...
Fates of Visual Cortical Neurons in the Ferret After lsochronic and
... mitted to its adult fate very early on in development, perhaps before it has left the proliferative zone. Two lines of evidence have lent at least partial support to this view. First, in the reeler mouse mutant, visual cortical neurons are generated normally, but their final migration into the cereb ...
... mitted to its adult fate very early on in development, perhaps before it has left the proliferative zone. Two lines of evidence have lent at least partial support to this view. First, in the reeler mouse mutant, visual cortical neurons are generated normally, but their final migration into the cereb ...
A self-organizing model of disparity maps in the primary visual cortex
... light and bright light respectively. Rods are more numerous than cones but are conspicuously absent at the centre of the retina. This region is known as the fovea and represents the centre of fixation. It contains a high concentration of cones, thereby making it well-suited for fine-detailed vision. ...
... light and bright light respectively. Rods are more numerous than cones but are conspicuously absent at the centre of the retina. This region is known as the fovea and represents the centre of fixation. It contains a high concentration of cones, thereby making it well-suited for fine-detailed vision. ...
The neural mechanisms of perceptual filling-in
... Filling-in is a remarkable perceptual event. It is a perceptual phenomenon in which visual features, such as colour, brightness, texture and motion, of the surrounding area are perceived in a certain part of the visual field even though these features are not physically present1–4. The phenomenon of ...
... Filling-in is a remarkable perceptual event. It is a perceptual phenomenon in which visual features, such as colour, brightness, texture and motion, of the surrounding area are perceived in a certain part of the visual field even though these features are not physically present1–4. The phenomenon of ...
Hedonic Hotspots Regulate Cingulate-driven
... Each mini-block started with a funny or neutral cartoons (500 × 500 pix; presented in a quasi-random order) for 6 s. Each cartoon was only presented once during the task. Following each cartoon, a fixation cross ( jittered duration between 2 and 6 s) and a block of 5 flanker trials were presented. Eac ...
... Each mini-block started with a funny or neutral cartoons (500 × 500 pix; presented in a quasi-random order) for 6 s. Each cartoon was only presented once during the task. Following each cartoon, a fixation cross ( jittered duration between 2 and 6 s) and a block of 5 flanker trials were presented. Eac ...
PDF
... and reliable pattern of labeling was observed in the VCN. This pattern and the VCN cell types filled by such an injection have been described in detail previously (Doucet and Ryugo, 1997; Doucet et al., 1999b) and so will only be summarized. Microneurons and axons were labeled and distributed within ...
... and reliable pattern of labeling was observed in the VCN. This pattern and the VCN cell types filled by such an injection have been described in detail previously (Doucet and Ryugo, 1997; Doucet et al., 1999b) and so will only be summarized. Microneurons and axons were labeled and distributed within ...
Toward Nanometer-Scale Sensing System
... comprises its response profile. The Firestein study also provided additional support for the one neuron-one receptor-type hypothesis. It was found that forcing an increase in the number of receptor neurons expressing a particular gene led to an increase in sensitivity to odorants within the receptor ...
... comprises its response profile. The Firestein study also provided additional support for the one neuron-one receptor-type hypothesis. It was found that forcing an increase in the number of receptor neurons expressing a particular gene led to an increase in sensitivity to odorants within the receptor ...
Ionic Mechanisms in the Generation of Subthreshold Oscillations and
... 2003) caused by the expression of different h-channel subtypes (Santoro et al., 2000). Therefore, a number of models of the hcurrent have been presented based on experimental work in a variety of cell types. Using a model of the steady-state activation and the activation time constant, voltage-clamp ...
... 2003) caused by the expression of different h-channel subtypes (Santoro et al., 2000). Therefore, a number of models of the hcurrent have been presented based on experimental work in a variety of cell types. Using a model of the steady-state activation and the activation time constant, voltage-clamp ...
Neural mechanisms underlying the evolvability of behaviour
... system [30]. However, the very developmental mechanisms that allow the nervous system to be so complex might also enable it to accept novel inputs. For example, much of the wiring of the vertebrate nervous system self-assembles using simple developmental rules. One such rule is that neurons that ten ...
... system [30]. However, the very developmental mechanisms that allow the nervous system to be so complex might also enable it to accept novel inputs. For example, much of the wiring of the vertebrate nervous system self-assembles using simple developmental rules. One such rule is that neurons that ten ...
Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies
... incorporate a rule for terminating the decision process, in effect stopping the deliberation and committing to a choice. A large body of theoretical and experimental work supports the idea that a single mechanism accounts for both the termination of the decision process and the ensuing choice. In a ...
... incorporate a rule for terminating the decision process, in effect stopping the deliberation and committing to a choice. A large body of theoretical and experimental work supports the idea that a single mechanism accounts for both the termination of the decision process and the ensuing choice. In a ...
Stimulation of GABAergic neurons of the lateral septum and its effect
... The LS has been shown to play a role in modulating anxiety and depression. Lesion studies done by Singewald et al. (2011) have shown that the lateral septum is involved in stresscoping behavior and in HPA-inhibitory mechanisms. Mice with selective excitotoxic ablation of their LS showed an increase ...
... The LS has been shown to play a role in modulating anxiety and depression. Lesion studies done by Singewald et al. (2011) have shown that the lateral septum is involved in stresscoping behavior and in HPA-inhibitory mechanisms. Mice with selective excitotoxic ablation of their LS showed an increase ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... stem, microelectrodes were lowered into this region of the rat brain. Aghajanian et al. (6) found that these neurons consistently displayed a distinctive slow and highly regular discharge pattern, which was established as a bioelectric “signature” for this neurochemical group of neurons. The last se ...
... stem, microelectrodes were lowered into this region of the rat brain. Aghajanian et al. (6) found that these neurons consistently displayed a distinctive slow and highly regular discharge pattern, which was established as a bioelectric “signature” for this neurochemical group of neurons. The last se ...
*αí *ß>* *p "* " G6*ç"ê"ë"è"ï"î"ì"Ä"Å"É"æ"Æ"ô"ö"ò"û"ù"ÿ"Ö"Ü
... In the following sections of this report there is a description of how the components of the system architecture have been implemented. These modules and models were developed as collaborations between the computational partners of Nancy, Ulm and Sunderland. This was done based on motivation from th ...
... In the following sections of this report there is a description of how the components of the system architecture have been implemented. These modules and models were developed as collaborations between the computational partners of Nancy, Ulm and Sunderland. This was done based on motivation from th ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... map that is less organized than that found when the contralateral eye is enucleated but the ipsilateral eye is allowed to open naturally between P10 to P12 (Smith and Trachtenberg, 2007). While there are features whose development is clearly dependent on visual experience, other features are partia ...
... map that is less organized than that found when the contralateral eye is enucleated but the ipsilateral eye is allowed to open naturally between P10 to P12 (Smith and Trachtenberg, 2007). While there are features whose development is clearly dependent on visual experience, other features are partia ...
The neuroepithelial basement membrane serves as a boundary and
... Figure 1 FBMNs undergo a change in velocity upon contact with the Laminin-containing ventral basement membrane. (A) A maximum intensity projection of a confocal Z-stack of a tg(hoxb1aBAC:mRFP1); tg(isl1:GFP) double transgenic embryo at 48 hpf reveals that most Isl1:GFP positive neurons in both r6 an ...
... Figure 1 FBMNs undergo a change in velocity upon contact with the Laminin-containing ventral basement membrane. (A) A maximum intensity projection of a confocal Z-stack of a tg(hoxb1aBAC:mRFP1); tg(isl1:GFP) double transgenic embryo at 48 hpf reveals that most Isl1:GFP positive neurons in both r6 an ...
Predominance of Movement Speed Over Direction in Neuronal
... vector. Recently, there is also increasing interest in the representation of movement parameters in neuronal population activity, such as reflected in the intracranial EEG (iEEG). We show that in iEEG, contrasting to what has been previously found on the single neuron level, speed predominates over v ...
... vector. Recently, there is also increasing interest in the representation of movement parameters in neuronal population activity, such as reflected in the intracranial EEG (iEEG). We show that in iEEG, contrasting to what has been previously found on the single neuron level, speed predominates over v ...
Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... response range (EMRR) to amino acids (i.e., Group I units), we initially failed to document the occurrence of units that exhibited a broader response specificity. However, to obtain an estimate of the percentage of Group I units, we performed a subset of experiments consisting of 164 different elect ...
... response range (EMRR) to amino acids (i.e., Group I units), we initially failed to document the occurrence of units that exhibited a broader response specificity. However, to obtain an estimate of the percentage of Group I units, we performed a subset of experiments consisting of 164 different elect ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... order to establish precise connectivity patterns (for a review, see Guillemot, 2007). However, the exact mechanisms that fine-tune the specification of the myriad of neuronal subtypes remain unknown. This is exemplified by cell-type specification in vertebrate retinal development, during which one g ...
... order to establish precise connectivity patterns (for a review, see Guillemot, 2007). However, the exact mechanisms that fine-tune the specification of the myriad of neuronal subtypes remain unknown. This is exemplified by cell-type specification in vertebrate retinal development, during which one g ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... 680 white dots (0.19° at 2.61 cd/m 2) on a black background (0.18 cd/m 2). Each dot had a randomly assigned screen duration of 33–1000 ms that maintained uniform dot density across the stimuli. Radial patterns were created by accelerating the dots across screen using a sine ⫻ cosine function of each ...
... 680 white dots (0.19° at 2.61 cd/m 2) on a black background (0.18 cd/m 2). Each dot had a randomly assigned screen duration of 33–1000 ms that maintained uniform dot density across the stimuli. Radial patterns were created by accelerating the dots across screen using a sine ⫻ cosine function of each ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.