Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Neuroscientific Probe of
... Even then, selective stimulation of deep structures is currently not possible. Nevertheless, stimulation of subcortical regions of interest can be activated through transsynaptic action from stimulation of superficial cortical structures. A strength of TMS is that it can help establish causality, wh ...
... Even then, selective stimulation of deep structures is currently not possible. Nevertheless, stimulation of subcortical regions of interest can be activated through transsynaptic action from stimulation of superficial cortical structures. A strength of TMS is that it can help establish causality, wh ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... processes such as axon pruning, elimination, and degeneration. In this review, we will focus on processes that occur on the scale of axons and dendrites but not on the scale of individual synapses. Additionally, we will focus on remodeling of connections that do not involve neuronal cell death. (Oth ...
... processes such as axon pruning, elimination, and degeneration. In this review, we will focus on processes that occur on the scale of axons and dendrites but not on the scale of individual synapses. Additionally, we will focus on remodeling of connections that do not involve neuronal cell death. (Oth ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... By definition they are intentional—they are initiated by an internal decision to act—whereas reflexes are automatically triggered by external stimuli. Even when a voluntary action is directed toward an object, such as reaching for a cup, the cause of action is not the object but an internal decision ...
... By definition they are intentional—they are initiated by an internal decision to act—whereas reflexes are automatically triggered by external stimuli. Even when a voluntary action is directed toward an object, such as reaching for a cup, the cause of action is not the object but an internal decision ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 33. A greater amount of branching on dendrites allows them to: a. manufacture more mitochondria. b. have a larger surface area available for receiving information from other neurons. c. increase their membrane permeability. d. lower their resting potential. ANS: B and Glia ...
... 33. A greater amount of branching on dendrites allows them to: a. manufacture more mitochondria. b. have a larger surface area available for receiving information from other neurons. c. increase their membrane permeability. d. lower their resting potential. ANS: B and Glia ...
Paper
... to the three-dimensional geometry of the claustrum, as well as recent reports of claustrum-prefrontal connections in other primates. Claustrum-prefrontal projections were extensive, and largely concentrated in the ventral half of the claustrum, especially in the rostral 2/3 of the nucleus. Our data ...
... to the three-dimensional geometry of the claustrum, as well as recent reports of claustrum-prefrontal connections in other primates. Claustrum-prefrontal projections were extensive, and largely concentrated in the ventral half of the claustrum, especially in the rostral 2/3 of the nucleus. Our data ...
Clinical Investigative Study Detectability of Neural Tracts and Nuclei
... The central tegmental tract (4) is shown a blue region in the reticular formation located behind the medial lemniscus (2). The spinothalamic tract (5) is displayed as a light blue region lateral to the medial lemniscus (2). The abducens nucleus (c) is shown as a pale oval region anterolateral to the ...
... The central tegmental tract (4) is shown a blue region in the reticular formation located behind the medial lemniscus (2). The spinothalamic tract (5) is displayed as a light blue region lateral to the medial lemniscus (2). The abducens nucleus (c) is shown as a pale oval region anterolateral to the ...
Response Suppression in V1 Agrees with Psychophysics of
... strongest for iso-oriented surrounds, and decrease with increasing orientation difference between target and surround; thus, these effects likely result from orientation-specific inhibitory interactions (Cannon and Fullenkamp, 1991; Snowden and Hammett, 1998; Xing and Heeger, 2001). The apparent sim ...
... strongest for iso-oriented surrounds, and decrease with increasing orientation difference between target and surround; thus, these effects likely result from orientation-specific inhibitory interactions (Cannon and Fullenkamp, 1991; Snowden and Hammett, 1998; Xing and Heeger, 2001). The apparent sim ...
Ectopic Expression of the Neuropeptide Pigment
... expression (Brand, 1995) and compared with GAL4-driven pdf expression (see Fig. 3A–E). Furthermore, the GFP reporter was used to see whether additional pdf was switched on by GAL4 in the PDF cells (L Nv) itself. In these cases a double-labeling with anti-PDH was performed (see Fig. 3F–H ). The gal4 ...
... expression (Brand, 1995) and compared with GAL4-driven pdf expression (see Fig. 3A–E). Furthermore, the GFP reporter was used to see whether additional pdf was switched on by GAL4 in the PDF cells (L Nv) itself. In these cases a double-labeling with anti-PDH was performed (see Fig. 3F–H ). The gal4 ...
Input-driven components of spike-frequency adaptation can be
... Materials and Methods Electrophysiology. We performed intracellular recordings from axons of receptor neurons in the auditory nerve of adult Locusta migratoria. The tympanic hearing organ of these animals is located in the first abdominal segment above the coxa of the hindlegs. The somata of the rec ...
... Materials and Methods Electrophysiology. We performed intracellular recordings from axons of receptor neurons in the auditory nerve of adult Locusta migratoria. The tympanic hearing organ of these animals is located in the first abdominal segment above the coxa of the hindlegs. The somata of the rec ...
Role of Active Movement in Place-Specific Firing of Hippocampal
... open the possibility that hippocampal neurons may actively discharge during passive movement if rats are not physically restrained. Indeed, a more recent study has shown that place cells do not shut off under a less restrained condition. In this study, rats were passively moved on a mobile robot wit ...
... open the possibility that hippocampal neurons may actively discharge during passive movement if rats are not physically restrained. Indeed, a more recent study has shown that place cells do not shut off under a less restrained condition. In this study, rats were passively moved on a mobile robot wit ...
Examination of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
... Because D1 is able to convert T4 to the considerably active T3, initially it was thought to be the main source of extra-thyroidal T3 [16, 17]. Recently, however, increasing evidence indicates that D1 contributes significantly to the circulating T3 concentration only in hyperthyroid patients, but not ...
... Because D1 is able to convert T4 to the considerably active T3, initially it was thought to be the main source of extra-thyroidal T3 [16, 17]. Recently, however, increasing evidence indicates that D1 contributes significantly to the circulating T3 concentration only in hyperthyroid patients, but not ...
gaba-mediated inhibition correlates with orientation selectivity in
... minimal effects on strongly orientation-selective cells; bicuculline diminished orientation selectivity the most on moderately and strongly orientation-selective cells, with minimal effects on weakly orientation-selective cells. We also found that orientation selectivity correlated with the level of ...
... minimal effects on strongly orientation-selective cells; bicuculline diminished orientation selectivity the most on moderately and strongly orientation-selective cells, with minimal effects on weakly orientation-selective cells. We also found that orientation selectivity correlated with the level of ...
FREE Sample Here - We can offer most test bank and
... Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. b) send is to regulate. c) receive is to send. Correct. Dendrites are treelike parts of the neuron that are designed to receive messages. The axon sends messages to other neurons. d) receive is to release. ANS: c, p. 43, C, LO=2.1, (2) 15. Neuro ...
... Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. b) send is to regulate. c) receive is to send. Correct. Dendrites are treelike parts of the neuron that are designed to receive messages. The axon sends messages to other neurons. d) receive is to release. ANS: c, p. 43, C, LO=2.1, (2) 15. Neuro ...
Advances in schizophrenia
... tex, indicating a common site of action for both dopamine agonists and PCP (refs. 6,7). Although there are complex presynaptic and postsynaptic interactions among the two neurotransmitter systems8,9, modulation of glutamate release by D1 receptors might mediate some of the effects of dopamine on psy ...
... tex, indicating a common site of action for both dopamine agonists and PCP (refs. 6,7). Although there are complex presynaptic and postsynaptic interactions among the two neurotransmitter systems8,9, modulation of glutamate release by D1 receptors might mediate some of the effects of dopamine on psy ...
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... [1, 2]. Many studies indicate there are pronounced structural brain changes that occur after motor training and voluntary exercise. One mechanism to account for the changes in brain morphology and plasticity engendered by exercise is through the action of growth factors [3]. Many growth factors affe ...
... [1, 2]. Many studies indicate there are pronounced structural brain changes that occur after motor training and voluntary exercise. One mechanism to account for the changes in brain morphology and plasticity engendered by exercise is through the action of growth factors [3]. Many growth factors affe ...
the axon hillock and the initial segment
... is not really a part of the limiting membrane; instead, it is a thin layer of powdery densities, about 100 A thick, separated from the surface membrane by a clear interval of about 30 A (Figs. 3 and 5). As its margins are not distinct, these measurements cannot be precise. The undercoating extends f ...
... is not really a part of the limiting membrane; instead, it is a thin layer of powdery densities, about 100 A thick, separated from the surface membrane by a clear interval of about 30 A (Figs. 3 and 5). As its margins are not distinct, these measurements cannot be precise. The undercoating extends f ...
PDF Document
... accomplished through electrical stimulation, which has been used clinically in conditions ranging from spinal cord injury to epilepsy. However, even under conditions for which electrical neuromodulation is mature, such as spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain (61–63), this approa ...
... accomplished through electrical stimulation, which has been used clinically in conditions ranging from spinal cord injury to epilepsy. However, even under conditions for which electrical neuromodulation is mature, such as spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain (61–63), this approa ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
... Figure 2. Decoding of LFP. This figure represents the single-trial decoding accuracy as a function of task epoch for each LFP frequency band. Only correct trials from “Target” trials were included. Cutoff frequencies for each band are indicated on the y-axis. The results were aligned to cue onset or ...
... Figure 2. Decoding of LFP. This figure represents the single-trial decoding accuracy as a function of task epoch for each LFP frequency band. Only correct trials from “Target” trials were included. Cutoff frequencies for each band are indicated on the y-axis. The results were aligned to cue onset or ...
Goals of Explaining Brain Functions Underlying Anxiety Disorders
... • The amygdala is able to produce fear/anxiety responses without the involvement of the cortex • The amygdala can, in fact, override the cortex and influence or even control our thoughts and focus of attention • The cortex can also initiate anxiety responses by alerting the amygdala to potential dan ...
... • The amygdala is able to produce fear/anxiety responses without the involvement of the cortex • The amygdala can, in fact, override the cortex and influence or even control our thoughts and focus of attention • The cortex can also initiate anxiety responses by alerting the amygdala to potential dan ...
Genetically identified spinal interneurons integrating tactile afferents
... projections that travel rostrally up the dorsal column, cutaneous afferents project collaterals that branch out within the spinal cord and terminate onto spinal interneurons (INs) (Brown et al. 1981). Thus the spinal cord serves as a site of active integration of tactile information, putatively for ...
... projections that travel rostrally up the dorsal column, cutaneous afferents project collaterals that branch out within the spinal cord and terminate onto spinal interneurons (INs) (Brown et al. 1981). Thus the spinal cord serves as a site of active integration of tactile information, putatively for ...
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons 15
... best illustrated by a person who is relaxing after dinner and reading the newspaper. Heart rate and respiratory rates are at lownormal levels, and the gastrointestinal tract is digesting food. The pupils are constricted as the eyes focus for close vision. As you explore the sympathetic and parasympa ...
... best illustrated by a person who is relaxing after dinner and reading the newspaper. Heart rate and respiratory rates are at lownormal levels, and the gastrointestinal tract is digesting food. The pupils are constricted as the eyes focus for close vision. As you explore the sympathetic and parasympa ...
Learned Movements Elicited by Direct Stimulation of Cerebellar
... antidromic activation of mossy fibers, we blocked the mossy fiber transmission ventral to the stimulation electrode in two animals. If the CS information is transmitted via the mossy fibers, this should abolish responses to the forelimb CS but leave responses to MCP stimulation unaffected. A micropi ...
... antidromic activation of mossy fibers, we blocked the mossy fiber transmission ventral to the stimulation electrode in two animals. If the CS information is transmitted via the mossy fibers, this should abolish responses to the forelimb CS but leave responses to MCP stimulation unaffected. A micropi ...
the effects of microstimulation and microlesions in the ventral and
... was elicited at short latency by ipsilateral VRG microstimulation. We were unable to determine if these unitary responses were due to recruitment of a neuron normally silent during inspiration or to activation of an inspirationmodulated neuron that was below threshold. Transient short latency phreni ...
... was elicited at short latency by ipsilateral VRG microstimulation. We were unable to determine if these unitary responses were due to recruitment of a neuron normally silent during inspiration or to activation of an inspirationmodulated neuron that was below threshold. Transient short latency phreni ...
Mechanisms of Contour Perception in Monkey Visual Cortex. I. Lines
... would have to conclude that these signalsrepresenta stageof processingthat is preliminary, or completely unrelated, to the elaboration of contours. Our resultsindicate that signalsin area Vl of the monkey still represent a preliminary stage,whereas truly contour-related signals,by our definition, ar ...
... would have to conclude that these signalsrepresenta stageof processingthat is preliminary, or completely unrelated, to the elaboration of contours. Our resultsindicate that signalsin area Vl of the monkey still represent a preliminary stage,whereas truly contour-related signals,by our definition, ar ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.