Mechanisms of Contour Perception in Monkey Visual Cortex. I. Lines
... would have to conclude that these signalsrepresenta stageof processingthat is preliminary, or completely unrelated, to the elaboration of contours. Our resultsindicate that signalsin area Vl of the monkey still represent a preliminary stage,whereas truly contour-related signals,by our definition, ar ...
... would have to conclude that these signalsrepresenta stageof processingthat is preliminary, or completely unrelated, to the elaboration of contours. Our resultsindicate that signalsin area Vl of the monkey still represent a preliminary stage,whereas truly contour-related signals,by our definition, ar ...
The language of action: verbs, simulation and motor chains
... the anatomy and physiology of the brain structures underlying the behaviours of interest (e.g., based on Rizzolatti, Luppino, & Matelli, 1998, Culham & Kanwisher, 2001, Simon, Mangin, Cohen, Le Bihan, & Dehaene, 2002, and Grèzes, Tucker, Armony, Ellis, & Passingham, 2003); (b) constraints deriving f ...
... the anatomy and physiology of the brain structures underlying the behaviours of interest (e.g., based on Rizzolatti, Luppino, & Matelli, 1998, Culham & Kanwisher, 2001, Simon, Mangin, Cohen, Le Bihan, & Dehaene, 2002, and Grèzes, Tucker, Armony, Ellis, & Passingham, 2003); (b) constraints deriving f ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... the neurons’ responses to that of the local field potential (LFP) recorded in close vicinity. We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, ...
... the neurons’ responses to that of the local field potential (LFP) recorded in close vicinity. We found that preferred direction, preferred orientation, and orientation tuning width were more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, ...
DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
Spinal Cord Neural Modeling for Clinical Applications
... were written solely by the author Nicolae Adrian Iftimia; however, the information presented herein describes not only the work of the author but the collective efforts of the research team Arle et al. The members of this group and the specific role of each in this research are indicated below. Jeff ...
... were written solely by the author Nicolae Adrian Iftimia; however, the information presented herein describes not only the work of the author but the collective efforts of the research team Arle et al. The members of this group and the specific role of each in this research are indicated below. Jeff ...
Topographic cues of nanoscale height direct neuronal growth pattern
... Figure 4C a sibling branch of the same neuron as from Figure 4B crosses the ridge with no effect on its growth direction. We consider a neuronal process as in Figure 4B an ‘‘affected process’’ and a process such as in Figure 4C a ‘‘non-affected process’’ (see also schematic drawing in Fig. 5A). It i ...
... Figure 4C a sibling branch of the same neuron as from Figure 4B crosses the ridge with no effect on its growth direction. We consider a neuronal process as in Figure 4B an ‘‘affected process’’ and a process such as in Figure 4C a ‘‘non-affected process’’ (see also schematic drawing in Fig. 5A). It i ...
Cross-Modal Transfer of Information between the Tactile
... The psychophysical testing showed that there is a linear relationship between presented and chosen stimulus, regardless of the modalities, as shown by the linear regression curves. The direction of cross-modal information transfer (i.e., tactile to visual vs visual to tactile) had no influence on th ...
... The psychophysical testing showed that there is a linear relationship between presented and chosen stimulus, regardless of the modalities, as shown by the linear regression curves. The direction of cross-modal information transfer (i.e., tactile to visual vs visual to tactile) had no influence on th ...
A neural basis for a false memory
... and water, on a 12/12 h light/dark cycle (lights on at 6:15 am). Following several days of adaptation to the vivarium, they were handled and learned to sit calmly during attachment of a thermistor assembly and a cable to their skull pedestal. Under general anesthesia (sodium pentobarbital, 40 mg/kg, ...
... and water, on a 12/12 h light/dark cycle (lights on at 6:15 am). Following several days of adaptation to the vivarium, they were handled and learned to sit calmly during attachment of a thermistor assembly and a cable to their skull pedestal. Under general anesthesia (sodium pentobarbital, 40 mg/kg, ...
Spike train propagation in the axon of a visual interneuron,... Locusta migratoria
... would otherwise accumulate in a graded potential over long distances by the random opening of voltage-gated channels (Laughlin 2001). Axons threshold out noise by generating signals that are much larger and far sharper than the noise inherent in the axon, allowing signals to maintain their integrity ...
... would otherwise accumulate in a graded potential over long distances by the random opening of voltage-gated channels (Laughlin 2001). Axons threshold out noise by generating signals that are much larger and far sharper than the noise inherent in the axon, allowing signals to maintain their integrity ...
HYPOTHALAMUS
... The mammillary part of the hypothalamus consists of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus and the prominent mammillary nuclei. The posterior nucleus is a large, ill-defined group of cells that may play a role in thermoregulation (see below). The mammillary nuclei are considered to be part of the hypoth ...
... The mammillary part of the hypothalamus consists of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus and the prominent mammillary nuclei. The posterior nucleus is a large, ill-defined group of cells that may play a role in thermoregulation (see below). The mammillary nuclei are considered to be part of the hypoth ...
Author`s personal copy - Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives
... segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). The anatomo-physiological organization of the BG and their output suggested that interfering with such hyper-activity could restore motor function and improve parkinsonism. Several animal models in rodents and primates, as well as clinical studies and neurosurgi ...
... segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). The anatomo-physiological organization of the BG and their output suggested that interfering with such hyper-activity could restore motor function and improve parkinsonism. Several animal models in rodents and primates, as well as clinical studies and neurosurgi ...
Playing the electric light orchestra—how electrical stimulation of
... species, we provide a critical overview of the ways in which causal approaches have been used to further our understanding of circuitry, plasticity and information integration in visual cortex. Electrical stimulation not only elucidates the contributions of different visual areas to perception, but ...
... species, we provide a critical overview of the ways in which causal approaches have been used to further our understanding of circuitry, plasticity and information integration in visual cortex. Electrical stimulation not only elucidates the contributions of different visual areas to perception, but ...
in systems and translational endocrinology
... the SCN, or severing neuronal connections between the SCN and the preoptic area, resulted in estrous acyclicity [10; 11; 12]. Tract-tracing and immunohistochemical studies have identified direct SCN-GnRH neuron connections, and indirect connections in which SCN neurons synapse on estradiol-concentra ...
... the SCN, or severing neuronal connections between the SCN and the preoptic area, resulted in estrous acyclicity [10; 11; 12]. Tract-tracing and immunohistochemical studies have identified direct SCN-GnRH neuron connections, and indirect connections in which SCN neurons synapse on estradiol-concentra ...
Organization of projections from the basomedial nucleus of the
... Thirty-six adult male Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats (300350 g) were used for tracer injections. Each animal was anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (viv; 1 mlikg body weight) and received a single injection of a 2.5% solution of PHAL (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CAI, prepared in 0 ...
... Thirty-six adult male Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats (300350 g) were used for tracer injections. Each animal was anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (viv; 1 mlikg body weight) and received a single injection of a 2.5% solution of PHAL (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CAI, prepared in 0 ...
Drug-Use-and-Abuse-8th-Edition-Howard-Abadinsky
... ___________, one of about 100 neurotransmitters found in the central nervous system, has received special attention because of its apparent role in the regulation of mood and affect and because of its role in motivation and reward processes. ...
... ___________, one of about 100 neurotransmitters found in the central nervous system, has received special attention because of its apparent role in the regulation of mood and affect and because of its role in motivation and reward processes. ...
EXERCISE TRAINING AND SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
... Therefore, inhibition of neurons in the NTS with muscimol would produce a greater sympathoexcitatory response in trained animals. However, as shown in Fig. 2, we observed blunted pressor and sympathoexcitatory responses to NTS inhibition in trained animals. These data are similar to the blunted baro ...
... Therefore, inhibition of neurons in the NTS with muscimol would produce a greater sympathoexcitatory response in trained animals. However, as shown in Fig. 2, we observed blunted pressor and sympathoexcitatory responses to NTS inhibition in trained animals. These data are similar to the blunted baro ...
The Effect of Slow Electrical Stimuli to Achieve Learning in Cultured
... Most plasticity studies did not aim to alter connectivity in a predefined way, or with a specific goal. However, one protocol, by Marom and Shahaf [3] used activity dependent adaptive stimulation, aiming to train a culture to produce a predefined response upon stimulation. They based their approach ...
... Most plasticity studies did not aim to alter connectivity in a predefined way, or with a specific goal. However, one protocol, by Marom and Shahaf [3] used activity dependent adaptive stimulation, aiming to train a culture to produce a predefined response upon stimulation. They based their approach ...
The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Rapid Processing of Monetary
... waveforms are shown at the Fz (frontal) electrode site. The solid red line corresponds to the average ERP waveform for all trials in which the participant lost money. The dashed green line corresponds to those trials in which the participant gained money. The MFN is indicated by the arrow. The error ...
... waveforms are shown at the Fz (frontal) electrode site. The solid red line corresponds to the average ERP waveform for all trials in which the participant lost money. The dashed green line corresponds to those trials in which the participant gained money. The MFN is indicated by the arrow. The error ...
16-2 The Sympathetic Division
... 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the parasympathetic causes inhibition ...
... 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the parasympathetic causes inhibition ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... 8. If you have a problem remembering things that happened a year ago, doctors might check for damage to the ___________ area of the brain. a) hippocampus b) hypothalamus c) fornix d) amygdala ...
... 8. If you have a problem remembering things that happened a year ago, doctors might check for damage to the ___________ area of the brain. a) hippocampus b) hypothalamus c) fornix d) amygdala ...
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... type. ORNs project to the antennal lobe (AL), the first brain structure of olfactory processing. All ORNs expressing the same receptor type converge onto the same neuronal structure, called glomerulus (depicted as gray dashed circle). The convergence ratio is high, between 10 to 100 ORNs project to ...
... type. ORNs project to the antennal lobe (AL), the first brain structure of olfactory processing. All ORNs expressing the same receptor type converge onto the same neuronal structure, called glomerulus (depicted as gray dashed circle). The convergence ratio is high, between 10 to 100 ORNs project to ...
Characterization of peripheral osmoreceptors - diss.fu
... which causes water to flow across cell membranes in order to reach an osmotic equilibrium between the cell’s cytoplasm and the ECF (Strange 2004). This leads to changes in cell volume and intracellular ionic strength. A hypertonic ECF leads to a decrease of cell volume and hypotonic ECF to an increa ...
... which causes water to flow across cell membranes in order to reach an osmotic equilibrium between the cell’s cytoplasm and the ECF (Strange 2004). This leads to changes in cell volume and intracellular ionic strength. A hypertonic ECF leads to a decrease of cell volume and hypotonic ECF to an increa ...
Nervous System - El Camino College
... B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor functions via effectors. ...
... B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor functions via effectors. ...
Are there differences between the secretion characteristics of NGF
... brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from hippocampal cultures was dependent on extracellular calcium. Mowla et al. [(1997) Proc 27th Annu Meet Soc Neurosci New Orleans 875.10] reported on even further-reaching differences between NGF and BDNF secretion, namely, that in hippocampal neurons and i ...
... brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from hippocampal cultures was dependent on extracellular calcium. Mowla et al. [(1997) Proc 27th Annu Meet Soc Neurosci New Orleans 875.10] reported on even further-reaching differences between NGF and BDNF secretion, namely, that in hippocampal neurons and i ...
Mirror neurons in humans: Consisting or confounding
... performing an action. Therefore such new evidence calls for a re-assessment of this literature. Herein we pose the following question: has this body of research demonstrated without reasonable doubt that exactly the same human brain area is activated in both the execution and the observation of a si ...
... performing an action. Therefore such new evidence calls for a re-assessment of this literature. Herein we pose the following question: has this body of research demonstrated without reasonable doubt that exactly the same human brain area is activated in both the execution and the observation of a si ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.