Spatial and Temporal Integration of Signals in Foveal Line Orientation
... Our experiments concern the mechanism by which contour orientation is processed in the primate brain. Of relevant interest is the fact that orientation processing reaches hyperacuity values, i.e., that the intact organism’s sensitivity transcends the grain of the available neural components. This ap ...
... Our experiments concern the mechanism by which contour orientation is processed in the primate brain. Of relevant interest is the fact that orientation processing reaches hyperacuity values, i.e., that the intact organism’s sensitivity transcends the grain of the available neural components. This ap ...
Chapter 14: Integration of Nervous System Functions
... E) size and weight of the brain increases. Answer: d Level: 1 Refer to the following figure for questions 73-77. ...
... E) size and weight of the brain increases. Answer: d Level: 1 Refer to the following figure for questions 73-77. ...
cortical limbic system: a computational model. PhD thesis. htt
... the things that they do. The striatum is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and is a target structure of dopaminergic neurons which originate from the mid brain. These dopaminergic neurons release dopamine which is known to exert modulatory influences on the striatal projections. Action se ...
... the things that they do. The striatum is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and is a target structure of dopaminergic neurons which originate from the mid brain. These dopaminergic neurons release dopamine which is known to exert modulatory influences on the striatal projections. Action se ...
.... _ ACKNOWLEDGMENT !_ This monograph is based on the
... understanding, and regulating neurotoxic substances remains a pressing challenge. This challenge is complex because toxicants can injure the nervous system in a variety of ways. In addition, knowledge of the structure and function of the nervous system is not sufficient to entrust a single endpoint ...
... understanding, and regulating neurotoxic substances remains a pressing challenge. This challenge is complex because toxicants can injure the nervous system in a variety of ways. In addition, knowledge of the structure and function of the nervous system is not sufficient to entrust a single endpoint ...
Motor Control - Reza Shadmehr
... mossy fibers originating in the basilar pontine nuclei. In addition, the cerebellum receives mossy fiber input from the red nucleus via the lateral reticular nucleus (which also has major spinal inputs) and from other sources. Mossy fibers terminate on the output nuclei of the cerebellum (the deep cere ...
... mossy fibers originating in the basilar pontine nuclei. In addition, the cerebellum receives mossy fiber input from the red nucleus via the lateral reticular nucleus (which also has major spinal inputs) and from other sources. Mossy fibers terminate on the output nuclei of the cerebellum (the deep cere ...
A Cortical Substrate for Memory
... FOF in anesthetized, head-fixed rats produced both eye and whisker motions and suggested it was an eye-head orientation cortex, homologous to the FEF. More recently, based on the whisker motions evoked by electrical stimulation of the FOF, the area has been studied as a whisker motor cortex (Brecht ...
... FOF in anesthetized, head-fixed rats produced both eye and whisker motions and suggested it was an eye-head orientation cortex, homologous to the FEF. More recently, based on the whisker motions evoked by electrical stimulation of the FOF, the area has been studied as a whisker motor cortex (Brecht ...
L-Dopa and Brain Serotonin System Dysfunction
... Another consequence of this “off-target” effect is that L-dopa can become toxic to 5-HT systems. One mechanism of 5-HT neurotoxicity appears to be related to oxidative stress produced by L-dopa-induced supraphysiologic concentrations of dopamine. Dopamine has long been known to be a potent oxidant [ ...
... Another consequence of this “off-target” effect is that L-dopa can become toxic to 5-HT systems. One mechanism of 5-HT neurotoxicity appears to be related to oxidative stress produced by L-dopa-induced supraphysiologic concentrations of dopamine. Dopamine has long been known to be a potent oxidant [ ...
The Emerging Roles of Oxytocin in Rhythmic Prolactin Release
... 1. The prolactin rhythm is likely due to interactions between dopamine neurons and lactotrophs. 2. The prolactin rhythm can be induced by mating, or in OVX animals, by cervical stimulation, central or peripheral prolactin injection, or peripheral oxytocin injection. 3. Oxytocin at the lactotroph is ...
... 1. The prolactin rhythm is likely due to interactions between dopamine neurons and lactotrophs. 2. The prolactin rhythm can be induced by mating, or in OVX animals, by cervical stimulation, central or peripheral prolactin injection, or peripheral oxytocin injection. 3. Oxytocin at the lactotroph is ...
Kisspeptin Signaling Is Required for the Luteinizing Introduction of Males
... mice [12]. The product of the Kiss1 gene, kisspeptin, is one neuropeptide that may provide a link between the olfactory system and GnRH neurons. Kisspeptin signaling is essential for GnRH secretion and reproduction [13,14]. In humans and mice, loss of function mutations in the kisspeptin receptor (K ...
... mice [12]. The product of the Kiss1 gene, kisspeptin, is one neuropeptide that may provide a link between the olfactory system and GnRH neurons. Kisspeptin signaling is essential for GnRH secretion and reproduction [13,14]. In humans and mice, loss of function mutations in the kisspeptin receptor (K ...
Introduction
... GPi sends inhibitory projections to the thalamus (ventral anterior nucleus). The thalamus, in turn, sends excitatory projections to the cortex. The subthalamic nucleus sends excitatory output to GPi.The direct pathway ...
... GPi sends inhibitory projections to the thalamus (ventral anterior nucleus). The thalamus, in turn, sends excitatory projections to the cortex. The subthalamic nucleus sends excitatory output to GPi.The direct pathway ...
Surgical Planning Laboratory
... GPi sends inhibitory projections to the thalamus (ventral anterior nucleus). The thalamus, in turn, sends excitatory projections to the cortex. The subthalamic nucleus sends excitatory output to GPi.The direct pathway ...
... GPi sends inhibitory projections to the thalamus (ventral anterior nucleus). The thalamus, in turn, sends excitatory projections to the cortex. The subthalamic nucleus sends excitatory output to GPi.The direct pathway ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... d) cerebellum 8. If you have a problem remembering things that happened a year ago, doctors might check for damage to the ___________ area of the brain. a) hippocampus b) hypothalamus c) fornix d) amygdala ...
... d) cerebellum 8. If you have a problem remembering things that happened a year ago, doctors might check for damage to the ___________ area of the brain. a) hippocampus b) hypothalamus c) fornix d) amygdala ...
Systematic Regional Variations in the Loss of Cortical Cholinergic
... Representative series of sections from three normal and three AD cases were processed for ChAT immunohistochemistry using a wellcharacterized polyclonal antibody (generously provided by Dr. L. B. Hersh, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY) raised in the rabbit against human placenta] ChAT (German ...
... Representative series of sections from three normal and three AD cases were processed for ChAT immunohistochemistry using a wellcharacterized polyclonal antibody (generously provided by Dr. L. B. Hersh, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY) raised in the rabbit against human placenta] ChAT (German ...
Aalborg Universitet Assessment of sensory convergence in the spinal cord
... divided into the oralis, interpolaris, and caudalis subnuclei. The most caudal of these, the subnucleus caudalis (Vc), resembles the laminated structure and function of the spinal cord DH, and is for therefore often termed the medullary DH. The medullary DH is thought to play a major role in process ...
... divided into the oralis, interpolaris, and caudalis subnuclei. The most caudal of these, the subnucleus caudalis (Vc), resembles the laminated structure and function of the spinal cord DH, and is for therefore often termed the medullary DH. The medullary DH is thought to play a major role in process ...
Genetic Analysis of Brain Circuits Underlying Pheromone Signaling
... are excreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species in which they release a specific reaction, for example a definite behavior or developmental process” (31). Pheromones have been shown in insect, fish, and mammal to trigger genetically preprogrammed set ...
... are excreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species in which they release a specific reaction, for example a definite behavior or developmental process” (31). Pheromones have been shown in insect, fish, and mammal to trigger genetically preprogrammed set ...
Visual Object Recognition: Do We Know More Now Than We Did 20
... approximately 150 ms after stimulus onset, a significant difference between the neural responses for trials in which there is an animal and trials in which there is not. Such data indicate that the primate visual system processes complex natural scenes quite rapidly and with only the briefest of inpu ...
... approximately 150 ms after stimulus onset, a significant difference between the neural responses for trials in which there is an animal and trials in which there is not. Such data indicate that the primate visual system processes complex natural scenes quite rapidly and with only the briefest of inpu ...
Morphological Analysis of Dendritic Spine Development in Primary
... The dendritic spine constitutes the main locus of excitatory synaptic interaction among central neurons. The great variety of shapes,strategic location, and abundancehas focusedconsiderableattention on the dendritic spineas the key site for the potential encoding of activity-dependent, neuronal plas ...
... The dendritic spine constitutes the main locus of excitatory synaptic interaction among central neurons. The great variety of shapes,strategic location, and abundancehas focusedconsiderableattention on the dendritic spineas the key site for the potential encoding of activity-dependent, neuronal plas ...
the spinal cord and spinal nerves
... shorter lived in action than the endocrine (hormonal) system. Think of how quickly you reflexively move when you accidentally put your hand on a hot stove or step on a tack. The nervous system uses a series of electrochemical signals to receive information from the receptors of the body in the perip ...
... shorter lived in action than the endocrine (hormonal) system. Think of how quickly you reflexively move when you accidentally put your hand on a hot stove or step on a tack. The nervous system uses a series of electrochemical signals to receive information from the receptors of the body in the perip ...
Effects of lithium and valproate on amphetamine
... Recent studies have consistently reported increased products of lipid peroxidation and alterations of the major antioxidant enzymes in people with bipolar disorder (BD).1–3 It has been widely demonstrated that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in the pathophysiolo ...
... Recent studies have consistently reported increased products of lipid peroxidation and alterations of the major antioxidant enzymes in people with bipolar disorder (BD).1–3 It has been widely demonstrated that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in the pathophysiolo ...
Amygdala Modulation of Cerebellar Learning
... consolidated (Experiment 1). CeA inactivation also substantially reduced stimulus-evoked and learning-related neuronal activity in the cerebellar anterior interpositus nucleus during acquisition and retention of eyeblink conditioning (Experiment 2). A very small proportion of cerebellar neurons resp ...
... consolidated (Experiment 1). CeA inactivation also substantially reduced stimulus-evoked and learning-related neuronal activity in the cerebellar anterior interpositus nucleus during acquisition and retention of eyeblink conditioning (Experiment 2). A very small proportion of cerebellar neurons resp ...
Forebrain glutamatergic neurons mediate leptin action on
... For evaluating the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of leptin (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) or Ro25-6981 (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA), the drugs were dissolved in saline immediately before use and administered intraperitoneally to mice 30 min before the tail suspension test or the forced s ...
... For evaluating the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of leptin (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) or Ro25-6981 (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA), the drugs were dissolved in saline immediately before use and administered intraperitoneally to mice 30 min before the tail suspension test or the forced s ...
9-Sensation of Smell..
... usually avoided. • Taste and smell are closely linked even though they involve different receptors and receptive processes. (??overlap in central processing). ...
... usually avoided. • Taste and smell are closely linked even though they involve different receptors and receptive processes. (??overlap in central processing). ...
Motor planning under unpredictable reward: modulations of
... time (RT) and speed]. To address this question, we trained two monkeys in a RT task that required wrist movements in response to vibrotactile and visual stimuli, with a variable reward schedule. Correct performance was rewarded in 75% of the trials. Monkeys were certain that they would be rewarded o ...
... time (RT) and speed]. To address this question, we trained two monkeys in a RT task that required wrist movements in response to vibrotactile and visual stimuli, with a variable reward schedule. Correct performance was rewarded in 75% of the trials. Monkeys were certain that they would be rewarded o ...
Chapter 6 — Gross Anatomy of the Brain
... central sulcus. The region of the frontal lobe located anterior to the precentral sulcus is subdivided into the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri. This subdivision is due to the presence, though inconsistent, of two longitudinally disposed sulci, the superior and inferior frontal sulci. Th ...
... central sulcus. The region of the frontal lobe located anterior to the precentral sulcus is subdivided into the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri. This subdivision is due to the presence, though inconsistent, of two longitudinally disposed sulci, the superior and inferior frontal sulci. Th ...
The neuroprotective effects of milk fat globule
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.