Neurotransmitter Transporters
... concentration gradient. These proteins play an important role in determining how long chemical signals persist, and as a result drugs that inhibit transporters produce profound behavioural effects. ...
... concentration gradient. These proteins play an important role in determining how long chemical signals persist, and as a result drugs that inhibit transporters produce profound behavioural effects. ...
The Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Projection
... rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neurons are absent in the cortex of the BALB/c ByJ mouse (Ki ...
... rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neurons are absent in the cortex of the BALB/c ByJ mouse (Ki ...
world-of-psychology-7th-edition-wood-test-bank
... Correct. The semipermeable membrane allows positive ions to enter the cell, thus changing its electrical polarity. b) an electrical current initiated in the cell body which flows the length of the axon c) the opening of ion channels, promoting a negative charge within the axonal membrane Incorrect. ...
... Correct. The semipermeable membrane allows positive ions to enter the cell, thus changing its electrical polarity. b) an electrical current initiated in the cell body which flows the length of the axon c) the opening of ion channels, promoting a negative charge within the axonal membrane Incorrect. ...
Chapter_4_Review_Que..
... 15. Why do psychologists care about neurotransmitters? (page 118) 16. If someone is suffering from depression, which neurotransmitter may be to blame? Is a depressed person likely to have too much or too little of this neurotransmitter? (page ...
... 15. Why do psychologists care about neurotransmitters? (page 118) 16. If someone is suffering from depression, which neurotransmitter may be to blame? Is a depressed person likely to have too much or too little of this neurotransmitter? (page ...
From Membrane to Cytoskeleton: Minireview
... also contain a cytoplasmic D1 domain with catalytic activity and a structurally related but catalytically inactive D2 domain. Many Lar family phosphatases are expressed in the nervous system, but few have known ligands or cytoskeletal associations. In Drosophila, previous work has demonstrated that ...
... also contain a cytoplasmic D1 domain with catalytic activity and a structurally related but catalytically inactive D2 domain. Many Lar family phosphatases are expressed in the nervous system, but few have known ligands or cytoskeletal associations. In Drosophila, previous work has demonstrated that ...
Contact guidance of CNS neurites on grooved quartz: influence of
... Parallel growth of neurites is not merely due to physical constraint within the grooves because individual growth cones often span several groove and ridge repeats (Figs 3D, 4A) and are therefore not confined by groove walls. Similarly, hippocampal neurites are able to cross single steps as high as ...
... Parallel growth of neurites is not merely due to physical constraint within the grooves because individual growth cones often span several groove and ridge repeats (Figs 3D, 4A) and are therefore not confined by groove walls. Similarly, hippocampal neurites are able to cross single steps as high as ...
The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neurons are absent in the cortex of the BALB/c ByJ mouse (Ki ...
... rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neurons are absent in the cortex of the BALB/c ByJ mouse (Ki ...
Chapter 15: Special Senses
... Pathways for motor signals from brain to body Integration Process – wakefulness and sleep – learning and memory ...
... Pathways for motor signals from brain to body Integration Process – wakefulness and sleep – learning and memory ...
Mapping Pavlovian Conditioning Effects on the Brain: Blocking
... effect is confounded by the presence of inhibitory training. Recent work using the presence of fos protein has implicated the auditory and visual parts of the thalamic reticular nucleus as mediating attentional properties involved in blocking (McAlonan et al. 2000). Although interesting, this fos st ...
... effect is confounded by the presence of inhibitory training. Recent work using the presence of fos protein has implicated the auditory and visual parts of the thalamic reticular nucleus as mediating attentional properties involved in blocking (McAlonan et al. 2000). Although interesting, this fos st ...
Form representation in monkey inferotemporal cortex is virtually
... center of gaze. During free viewing without clutter (Fig. 2b), a target was presented at the center of gaze (same retinal stimulus as controlled viewing), but just after the animal had completed a saccade toward a stimulus it had not yet identified (saccade amplitude, mean ± s.d., 3.6 ± 1.3 deg). Du ...
... center of gaze. During free viewing without clutter (Fig. 2b), a target was presented at the center of gaze (same retinal stimulus as controlled viewing), but just after the animal had completed a saccade toward a stimulus it had not yet identified (saccade amplitude, mean ± s.d., 3.6 ± 1.3 deg). Du ...
Emerging role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of
... On the other hand, the brain reward system is involved in the control of hedonic feeding, that is, intake of palatable foods. Like other addiction behaviors, the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic pathways are involved in hedonic feeding. Intake of palatable foods elicits dopamine release in t ...
... On the other hand, the brain reward system is involved in the control of hedonic feeding, that is, intake of palatable foods. Like other addiction behaviors, the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic pathways are involved in hedonic feeding. Intake of palatable foods elicits dopamine release in t ...
Structural Correlates of Efficient GABAergic Transmission in the
... number of synapses within 0.75 m from any given synapse was 3.8 in the rat and 3.5 in the monkey. The arrangement of synapses described in this study creates favorable conditions for intersynaptic spillover of GABA among the multiple synapses of a single bouton, which can result in larger charge tr ...
... number of synapses within 0.75 m from any given synapse was 3.8 in the rat and 3.5 in the monkey. The arrangement of synapses described in this study creates favorable conditions for intersynaptic spillover of GABA among the multiple synapses of a single bouton, which can result in larger charge tr ...
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by
... mammals, and may be involved in the regulation of metabolism. Resveratrol, a SIRT1 activator reduced hyperglycemia likely through activation of vagal output; however, the cellular mechanisms of action have not been determined. In this study, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology on acute brainste ...
... mammals, and may be involved in the regulation of metabolism. Resveratrol, a SIRT1 activator reduced hyperglycemia likely through activation of vagal output; however, the cellular mechanisms of action have not been determined. In this study, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology on acute brainste ...
Anatomy - Nervous System Test Chpt 9
... 1. What is the function of the nervous system? a. sensory input b. integration c. motor output d. all of the above 2. What is the smallest structural and functional unit of the nervous system? a. nerve b. neuron c. brain d. spinal cord 3. What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron in ...
... 1. What is the function of the nervous system? a. sensory input b. integration c. motor output d. all of the above 2. What is the smallest structural and functional unit of the nervous system? a. nerve b. neuron c. brain d. spinal cord 3. What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron in ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
Optogenetic Brain Interfaces
... Optogenetics applies light-sensitive proteins which have been isolated from various microorganisms and plants, to manipulate excitable cells in heterologous systems. Initial work in the field used naturally occurring photosensitive proteins such as channelrhodopsin (ChR) [6] and halorhodopsin (HR) [ ...
... Optogenetics applies light-sensitive proteins which have been isolated from various microorganisms and plants, to manipulate excitable cells in heterologous systems. Initial work in the field used naturally occurring photosensitive proteins such as channelrhodopsin (ChR) [6] and halorhodopsin (HR) [ ...
PSYCHOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
... Is the brain a computer? • Neurons transmit/receive electrical impulses • Neurons are on/off devices • Threshold effect allows logic gates (McCulloch & Pitts, 1943) • The brain has input/output • 1012+ (thousand billion) neurons per head – more than there are people in the world, or stars in the ga ...
... Is the brain a computer? • Neurons transmit/receive electrical impulses • Neurons are on/off devices • Threshold effect allows logic gates (McCulloch & Pitts, 1943) • The brain has input/output • 1012+ (thousand billion) neurons per head – more than there are people in the world, or stars in the ga ...
Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex
... neurons that are organized into a complex network of local circuits and long-range fiber pathways. This complex network forms the structural substrate for distributed interactions among specialized brain systems [1–3]. Computational network analysis [4] has provided insight into the organization of l ...
... neurons that are organized into a complex network of local circuits and long-range fiber pathways. This complex network forms the structural substrate for distributed interactions among specialized brain systems [1–3]. Computational network analysis [4] has provided insight into the organization of l ...
GAP-43 Expression in Primary Sensory Neurons following Central
... dorsal root section produced no change except a transient and small increase if the axotomy was immediately adjacent to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Dorsal root section had no effect on GAP-43 mRNA levels in the dorsal horn or in neighboring intact DRG. It also failed to alter the laminar boundari ...
... dorsal root section produced no change except a transient and small increase if the axotomy was immediately adjacent to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Dorsal root section had no effect on GAP-43 mRNA levels in the dorsal horn or in neighboring intact DRG. It also failed to alter the laminar boundari ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... Topic: Genetics and Inheritance Skill: Factual Objective: 2.1 Answer: b. 21st 21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Down syndrome? a. reliance on others to meet one’s basic needs b. mental retardation c. behavior that is modifiable through training d. an extra chromosome in the 23rd ...
... Topic: Genetics and Inheritance Skill: Factual Objective: 2.1 Answer: b. 21st 21. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Down syndrome? a. reliance on others to meet one’s basic needs b. mental retardation c. behavior that is modifiable through training d. an extra chromosome in the 23rd ...
Sample
... 48. __________ is the process by which neurotransmitters are reclaimed by the axon terminal intact, and then are repackaged for immediate use. a) Reception Incorrect. Reception occurs when neurotransmitters fill in tiny sites on the post-synaptic neuron’s surface. ...
... 48. __________ is the process by which neurotransmitters are reclaimed by the axon terminal intact, and then are repackaged for immediate use. a) Reception Incorrect. Reception occurs when neurotransmitters fill in tiny sites on the post-synaptic neuron’s surface. ...
Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex
... neurons that are organized into a complex network of local circuits and long-range fiber pathways. This complex network forms the structural substrate for distributed interactions among specialized brain systems [1–3]. Computational network analysis [4] has provided insight into the organization of l ...
... neurons that are organized into a complex network of local circuits and long-range fiber pathways. This complex network forms the structural substrate for distributed interactions among specialized brain systems [1–3]. Computational network analysis [4] has provided insight into the organization of l ...
stimulus conditions area MT of the macaque monkey under matched
... effects with stimuli that are most appropriate for driving the structure of interest: for instance, flickering checkerboards in the retina or images of objects in inferotemporal cortex. As a result, it remains unclear whether different networks have similar strategies for adjusting to a particular r ...
... effects with stimuli that are most appropriate for driving the structure of interest: for instance, flickering checkerboards in the retina or images of objects in inferotemporal cortex. As a result, it remains unclear whether different networks have similar strategies for adjusting to a particular r ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... • Define action potential and explain how action potentials are generated. • Explain the factors that influence the speed of neural impulse transmission. • Describe how impulses are transmitted across the synapse. • Discuss the roles played by neurotransmitters. • Describe the three types of reflexe ...
... • Define action potential and explain how action potentials are generated. • Explain the factors that influence the speed of neural impulse transmission. • Describe how impulses are transmitted across the synapse. • Discuss the roles played by neurotransmitters. • Describe the three types of reflexe ...
Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses
... transduction, like visual transduction, proceeds via a G protein-coupled mechanism. The existence of an ionic conductance in olfactory cilia that is gated by cyclic nucleotides further suggests a mechanism by which odorant-induced elevations in cAMP could be translated into changes in membrane poten ...
... transduction, like visual transduction, proceeds via a G protein-coupled mechanism. The existence of an ionic conductance in olfactory cilia that is gated by cyclic nucleotides further suggests a mechanism by which odorant-induced elevations in cAMP could be translated into changes in membrane poten ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.