Sleep Spindles as Facilitators of Memory Formation and Learning
... While spindles may be spontaneously generated, electrical stimulation of excitatory cortical synapses led to an enhanced reliability of spindles in rats [45]. Similarly, paired associative stimulation of the median nerve with transmagnetic stimulation of the contralateral motor cortex led to increas ...
... While spindles may be spontaneously generated, electrical stimulation of excitatory cortical synapses led to an enhanced reliability of spindles in rats [45]. Similarly, paired associative stimulation of the median nerve with transmagnetic stimulation of the contralateral motor cortex led to increas ...
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
... the compression of lower lumbar and sacral nerve roots on vascular and neural anatomy, cortical evoked potentials, impairment of impulse propagation and changes in neurotransmitters. In addition, correlative behavioral, neurological, neurophysiological and morphological analyses have been performed. ...
... the compression of lower lumbar and sacral nerve roots on vascular and neural anatomy, cortical evoked potentials, impairment of impulse propagation and changes in neurotransmitters. In addition, correlative behavioral, neurological, neurophysiological and morphological analyses have been performed. ...
Jennifer Ichida
... Ichida JM, Schwabe L, Shushruth S, Angelucci A (2008) Contrast-dependent suppression from the “far” surround of V1 neurons: Experiments and data-driven model comparison. Computational and Systems Neuroscience Abstract I-8 Ichida JM, Schwabe L, Angelucci A (2007) Contrast dependence of ”far” surround ...
... Ichida JM, Schwabe L, Shushruth S, Angelucci A (2008) Contrast-dependent suppression from the “far” surround of V1 neurons: Experiments and data-driven model comparison. Computational and Systems Neuroscience Abstract I-8 Ichida JM, Schwabe L, Angelucci A (2007) Contrast dependence of ”far” surround ...
Course of spinocerebellar axons in the ventral and lateral funiculi of
... two cases (C253 and C256) had injections covering sublobules VIIB, VIIIA and VIIIB, and parts of the termination area in the paramedian lobule, most prominently in one of them (C253). In this case, the medial part of dorsal paraflocculus was involved too. In both of these cases there was also a slig ...
... two cases (C253 and C256) had injections covering sublobules VIIB, VIIIA and VIIIB, and parts of the termination area in the paramedian lobule, most prominently in one of them (C253). In this case, the medial part of dorsal paraflocculus was involved too. In both of these cases there was also a slig ...
ch_16_lecture_presentation
... 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the ...
... 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the ...
Introduction to Psychology
... What happens during an action potential? The axon membrane is pierced by tiny tunnels or “holes,” called ion channels. Normally, these tiny openings are blocked by molecules that act like “gates” or “doors.” During an action potential, the gates pop open. This allows sodium ions (Na⫹) to rush into t ...
... What happens during an action potential? The axon membrane is pierced by tiny tunnels or “holes,” called ion channels. Normally, these tiny openings are blocked by molecules that act like “gates” or “doors.” During an action potential, the gates pop open. This allows sodium ions (Na⫹) to rush into t ...
A Functional Role for Intra-Axonal Protein Synthesis during Axonal
... Figure 1. Rapidly growing axons of conditioned DRG neurons contain ribosomal protein L4. Four days after sciatic nerve crush, conditioned L4 –5 DRG neurons were dissociated and cultured on coated coverslips for 22 hr in medium containing Ara-C and DRB. The long processes extended by these DRG neuron ...
... Figure 1. Rapidly growing axons of conditioned DRG neurons contain ribosomal protein L4. Four days after sciatic nerve crush, conditioned L4 –5 DRG neurons were dissociated and cultured on coated coverslips for 22 hr in medium containing Ara-C and DRB. The long processes extended by these DRG neuron ...
remembering familiar people: the posterior cingulate cortex and
... Neuroimaging studies of natural memories may reveal distinctive patterns of brain activation and may have particular value in assessing clinical disorders of memory. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate brain activation during successful retrieval of autobiographical ...
... Neuroimaging studies of natural memories may reveal distinctive patterns of brain activation and may have particular value in assessing clinical disorders of memory. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate brain activation during successful retrieval of autobiographical ...
(15 pages pdf)
... *Correspondence: [email protected] DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.031 2Division ...
... *Correspondence: [email protected] DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.031 2Division ...
Hypothalamic Circadian Organization in Birds. I. Anatomy
... quail. Circadian oscillators that may act as pacemakers are present in the pineal gland, the retina, and the hypothalamus. Oscillators may interact with each other by hormonal signals (hatched arrow from pineal to hypothalamus), neural signal pathways (hatched arrow from hypothalamus to pineal) or b ...
... quail. Circadian oscillators that may act as pacemakers are present in the pineal gland, the retina, and the hypothalamus. Oscillators may interact with each other by hormonal signals (hatched arrow from pineal to hypothalamus), neural signal pathways (hatched arrow from hypothalamus to pineal) or b ...
Current Challenges Facing the Translation of Brain
... communication of neural signals at the site of injury, leading to motor, sensory and autonomic deficits. For these types of injuries, there are no effective post-acute restorative treatments. Research in stem cell therapy to regenerate damaged neurons that could restore damaged pathways is currently ...
... communication of neural signals at the site of injury, leading to motor, sensory and autonomic deficits. For these types of injuries, there are no effective post-acute restorative treatments. Research in stem cell therapy to regenerate damaged neurons that could restore damaged pathways is currently ...
indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major
... into the MPA (n⫽10), SPVZ (n⫽11), DMH (n⫽8), or posterior hypothalamic area (PH; n⫽7). Postinjection survival periods ranged from 8 to 11 days (mostly either 9 or 11 days) after co-injections of BDA and CTB, and from 4 to 10 days (mostly either 5 or 6 days) after single injections of BDA. No obvious ...
... into the MPA (n⫽10), SPVZ (n⫽11), DMH (n⫽8), or posterior hypothalamic area (PH; n⫽7). Postinjection survival periods ranged from 8 to 11 days (mostly either 9 or 11 days) after co-injections of BDA and CTB, and from 4 to 10 days (mostly either 5 or 6 days) after single injections of BDA. No obvious ...
Synchronous vs. Conjunctive Binding: A False Dichotomy? Robert F. Hadley ()
... firing has been used as a basis for variable binding in some models of inference, including SHRUTI (Shastri and Ajjanagadde, 1993) and LISA (Hummel and Holyoak, 1997). Despite the considerable positive acclaim that synchrony has attracted as a solution to the binding problem, its touted advantages o ...
... firing has been used as a basis for variable binding in some models of inference, including SHRUTI (Shastri and Ajjanagadde, 1993) and LISA (Hummel and Holyoak, 1997). Despite the considerable positive acclaim that synchrony has attracted as a solution to the binding problem, its touted advantages o ...
Eye Movements - Center for Neural Science
... To understand how muscle forces control the position and movement of the eyes, we must first understand how the tissues and muscles of the orbit produce resistance to movement. In its simplest form, the eye in the orbit can be thought of as a sphere held in place by a system of springs that tend to ...
... To understand how muscle forces control the position and movement of the eyes, we must first understand how the tissues and muscles of the orbit produce resistance to movement. In its simplest form, the eye in the orbit can be thought of as a sphere held in place by a system of springs that tend to ...
Learning Innate Face Preferences
... et al., 1997). Moreover, some neurons in the adult superior colliculus/pulvinar pathway appear to be selective for faces (Morris et al., 1999), although such neurons have not yet been found in young animals. The model also helps explain why infants after one month of age show a reduced interest in f ...
... et al., 1997). Moreover, some neurons in the adult superior colliculus/pulvinar pathway appear to be selective for faces (Morris et al., 1999), although such neurons have not yet been found in young animals. The model also helps explain why infants after one month of age show a reduced interest in f ...
Anatomical Distribution of Serotonin- Containing
... brain, with emphasis on nuclei, regions and zones of transition not previously described. The different morphological characteristics of individual 5-HT-immunoreactive axons will also be described. In the Results section, references to the work of other authors are given systematically after the des ...
... brain, with emphasis on nuclei, regions and zones of transition not previously described. The different morphological characteristics of individual 5-HT-immunoreactive axons will also be described. In the Results section, references to the work of other authors are given systematically after the des ...
1 Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology
... changes when the endocrine gland producing the hormone is removed. Then the scientist must show that the frequency of the behavior can be returned to normal by providing the animal with the missing hormone. Berthold’s experiment also shows that the study of behavioral endocrinology is the study of t ...
... changes when the endocrine gland producing the hormone is removed. Then the scientist must show that the frequency of the behavior can be returned to normal by providing the animal with the missing hormone. Berthold’s experiment also shows that the study of behavioral endocrinology is the study of t ...
Increased Mesolimbic GABA Concentration Blocks Heroin Self
... (Groenewegen and Russchen, 1984; Kalivas et al., 1993) and terminate principally in the ventral pallidum (VP) and the VTA (Mogenson and Nielson, 1983), two critical areas in mediating opiate reinforcement, we hypothesize that, similar to the VTA, opiates also inhibit NAcc GABAergic projection cells ...
... (Groenewegen and Russchen, 1984; Kalivas et al., 1993) and terminate principally in the ventral pallidum (VP) and the VTA (Mogenson and Nielson, 1983), two critical areas in mediating opiate reinforcement, we hypothesize that, similar to the VTA, opiates also inhibit NAcc GABAergic projection cells ...
The Development of Neural Synchrony and Large
... with GABAergic interneurons. The latter may be of particular relevance for synchronous oscillations because GABAergic interneurons and their interactions with excitatory neurotransmission have been shown to be critical for the generation of high-frequency oscillations.23 Wang and Gao24 reported a si ...
... with GABAergic interneurons. The latter may be of particular relevance for synchronous oscillations because GABAergic interneurons and their interactions with excitatory neurotransmission have been shown to be critical for the generation of high-frequency oscillations.23 Wang and Gao24 reported a si ...
Theta rhythm and the encoding and retrieval of space and time ⁎ Michael E. Hasselmo , Chantal E. Stern
... Phases of Encoding And Retrieval). This model has inspired further research described below. In the SPEAR model, during the encoding phase of each theta cycle (Fig. 2A), external input from entorhinal cortex is strong (Hasselmo et al., 2002a), setting a new pattern of depolarization in the postsynap ...
... Phases of Encoding And Retrieval). This model has inspired further research described below. In the SPEAR model, during the encoding phase of each theta cycle (Fig. 2A), external input from entorhinal cortex is strong (Hasselmo et al., 2002a), setting a new pattern of depolarization in the postsynap ...
Copyrighted Material
... of regeneration. This process proceeds through a sequence of changes involving the distal axon, ensheathing glial cells and the blood nerve barrier. Initially there is a period during which the distal stump survives and maintains relatively normal structural, transport, and conduction properties. Th ...
... of regeneration. This process proceeds through a sequence of changes involving the distal axon, ensheathing glial cells and the blood nerve barrier. Initially there is a period during which the distal stump survives and maintains relatively normal structural, transport, and conduction properties. Th ...
Circuitry and Function of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus
... Understanding auditory processing in terms of the neural circuits in the brain depends on working out the roles of the multiple parallel pathways of the brainstem auditory system. An excellent example is provided by Chapter 4 of this book (see Yin, Chapter 4), in which the role of the system consist ...
... Understanding auditory processing in terms of the neural circuits in the brain depends on working out the roles of the multiple parallel pathways of the brainstem auditory system. An excellent example is provided by Chapter 4 of this book (see Yin, Chapter 4), in which the role of the system consist ...
Chapter 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms
... Activation of single neurons in this area are related to the sleep cycle ► Axons of these neurons project to the reticular formation, forebrain, brain stem regions that control eye movements ► Carbachol, an ACh receptor agonist, when infused into the reticular formation, produces REM sleep in lab an ...
... Activation of single neurons in this area are related to the sleep cycle ► Axons of these neurons project to the reticular formation, forebrain, brain stem regions that control eye movements ► Carbachol, an ACh receptor agonist, when infused into the reticular formation, produces REM sleep in lab an ...
University of Birmingham Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a
... (A) Bioinformatic searches used to identify DNT1. (B) Sequence-structure alignment of the Cysknot domains of DNT1 and representative neurotrophins: Arrows: b-strands; spirals: a-helices; identical residues are shown in white over red (6 Cys and Gln conserved in all NTs); conservative substitutions i ...
... (A) Bioinformatic searches used to identify DNT1. (B) Sequence-structure alignment of the Cysknot domains of DNT1 and representative neurotrophins: Arrows: b-strands; spirals: a-helices; identical residues are shown in white over red (6 Cys and Gln conserved in all NTs); conservative substitutions i ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.