Chapter 9 - Tribiana.com
... stimulation Smooth becomes more sensitive when ANS input is cut (=denervation hypersensitivity) Many types of smooth are spontaneously active and contract rhythmically without ANS input ANS input simply increases or decreases intrinsic activity ...
... stimulation Smooth becomes more sensitive when ANS input is cut (=denervation hypersensitivity) Many types of smooth are spontaneously active and contract rhythmically without ANS input ANS input simply increases or decreases intrinsic activity ...
Seizure, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression are closely
... It was believed for years that the main pathogenetic factor in epilepsies was the impairment of GABAergic transmission (Meldrum, 1975). It turned out later that inhibitory neurotransmission may play an important role in the generation and maintenance of certain seizure types in the hippocampus and i ...
... It was believed for years that the main pathogenetic factor in epilepsies was the impairment of GABAergic transmission (Meldrum, 1975). It turned out later that inhibitory neurotransmission may play an important role in the generation and maintenance of certain seizure types in the hippocampus and i ...
Cortical representations of olfactory input by trans
... and odour-mediated behaviours requires systematic and quantitative analysis of connection patterns of mitral cells with their cortical target neurons. We first established that mitral cells throughout the olfactory bulb can be infected by rabies virus via their axons (Supplementary Fig. 7). We then ...
... and odour-mediated behaviours requires systematic and quantitative analysis of connection patterns of mitral cells with their cortical target neurons. We first established that mitral cells throughout the olfactory bulb can be infected by rabies virus via their axons (Supplementary Fig. 7). We then ...
computational modeling of observational learning - FORTH-ICS
... as perceiving, assigning meaning to actions and identifying intentions. In contrast, ToM takes a simulation stance, and suggests that to understand others we actively simulate their actions using our own experiences (Gallese and Goldman, 1998). By imagining ourselves in the place of t ...
... as perceiving, assigning meaning to actions and identifying intentions. In contrast, ToM takes a simulation stance, and suggests that to understand others we actively simulate their actions using our own experiences (Gallese and Goldman, 1998). By imagining ourselves in the place of t ...
Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
... areas: the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and reticular formation. In the visceral nervous system, cortical centers play a minor role in central control. The two cortical centers, the ventrobasal frontal lobe and the rhinencephalic cortex (medial surface of frontal and temporal lobes), function main ...
... areas: the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and reticular formation. In the visceral nervous system, cortical centers play a minor role in central control. The two cortical centers, the ventrobasal frontal lobe and the rhinencephalic cortex (medial surface of frontal and temporal lobes), function main ...
Dopaminergic control of the globus pallidus and its impact
... control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influence on the output structures of the BG circuitry. The action of dopamine is mediated by ...
... control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influence on the output structures of the BG circuitry. The action of dopamine is mediated by ...
ANS - Lee.org
... nerve stimulation Smooth becomes more sensitive when ANS input is cut (=denervation hypersensitivity) Many types of smooth are spontaneously active and contract rhythmically without ANS input ANS input simply increases or decreases intrinsic activity ...
... nerve stimulation Smooth becomes more sensitive when ANS input is cut (=denervation hypersensitivity) Many types of smooth are spontaneously active and contract rhythmically without ANS input ANS input simply increases or decreases intrinsic activity ...
Failure of the oculomotor neural integrator from a discrete midline
... w i t h o u t blocking p r e m o t o r drive. These p r e l i m i n a r y resuits suggest that c o m m i s s u r a l collaterals o f vestibular projections crossing at the level of the a b d u c e n s nuclei m a y be i m p o r t a n t for neural i n t e g r a t i o n in the o c u l o m o tor system. ...
... w i t h o u t blocking p r e m o t o r drive. These p r e l i m i n a r y resuits suggest that c o m m i s s u r a l collaterals o f vestibular projections crossing at the level of the a b d u c e n s nuclei m a y be i m p o r t a n t for neural i n t e g r a t i o n in the o c u l o m o tor system. ...
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. Developmental Cell. 2012, Nov 13 23(5):925-38. Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
... of cilia function for cortical development and function is evident in various developmental brain disorders, such as Joubert, Meckel-Gruber, Orofaciodigital, and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical format ...
Neuronal representation of visual motion and orientation in the fly
... and found selectivity for grating orientation. In contrast, the responses to the two opposite directions of motion of a grating with the same orientation were similar in magnitude, indicating that strong directional selectivity is either not present in the types of neurons covered by our data set, o ...
... and found selectivity for grating orientation. In contrast, the responses to the two opposite directions of motion of a grating with the same orientation were similar in magnitude, indicating that strong directional selectivity is either not present in the types of neurons covered by our data set, o ...
Contextual modulation of primary visual cortex by auditory signals
... feedforward geniculate inputs activate classical receptive fields, whereas auditory signals activate the non-classical receptive field of V1 neurons, carried by cortical feedback. Top-down auditory signals to V1 may originate directly from auditory cortex, or indirectly via extrastriate cortex or mu ...
... feedforward geniculate inputs activate classical receptive fields, whereas auditory signals activate the non-classical receptive field of V1 neurons, carried by cortical feedback. Top-down auditory signals to V1 may originate directly from auditory cortex, or indirectly via extrastriate cortex or mu ...
Chapter 7 - Bakersfield College
... • Found on tongue and other areas of the mouth • Papilla contain taste buds • Taste buds have 50-150 receptor cells – Receptor cells are not neurons, but can form synapses – Microvilli project into saliva – Transduction mechanisms for chemical stimuli result in depolarization of taste receptor cells ...
... • Found on tongue and other areas of the mouth • Papilla contain taste buds • Taste buds have 50-150 receptor cells – Receptor cells are not neurons, but can form synapses – Microvilli project into saliva – Transduction mechanisms for chemical stimuli result in depolarization of taste receptor cells ...
Apparent Loss and Hypertrophy of Interneurons in a Mouse Model
... objective, counting only neurons with a clearly identifiable nucleus. This value was expressed as the number of detectable neurons per section and corrected by the method of Abercrombie (1946). The same sections were examined under a 1003 objective, and measurements of cross-sectional area were made ...
... objective, counting only neurons with a clearly identifiable nucleus. This value was expressed as the number of detectable neurons per section and corrected by the method of Abercrombie (1946). The same sections were examined under a 1003 objective, and measurements of cross-sectional area were made ...
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates
... and related compounds. In general, the parasympathetic system acts on its effector organs by muscarinic transmission, whereas nicotinic actions are seen characteristically at the skeletal neuromuscular junction and in autonomic ganglia; but ACh may act in both ways on the same cell, as in sympatheti ...
... and related compounds. In general, the parasympathetic system acts on its effector organs by muscarinic transmission, whereas nicotinic actions are seen characteristically at the skeletal neuromuscular junction and in autonomic ganglia; but ACh may act in both ways on the same cell, as in sympatheti ...
Functional Properties of Parietal Visual Neurons: Mechanisms of
... regions of the brain stem. Area PG (Pandya and Seltzer, 1982) of this lobule contains several classes of neurons with different properties, among them one activated by visual stimuli (Motter and Mountcastle, 198 1; Mountcastle et al., 1984). Parietal visual neurons (PVNs) are sensitive to moving vis ...
... regions of the brain stem. Area PG (Pandya and Seltzer, 1982) of this lobule contains several classes of neurons with different properties, among them one activated by visual stimuli (Motter and Mountcastle, 198 1; Mountcastle et al., 1984). Parietal visual neurons (PVNs) are sensitive to moving vis ...
Multiple Modes of Action Potential Initiation and Propagation in
... Hines, and Jens Midtgaard. Multiple modes of action potential initiation and propagation in mitral cell primary dendrite. J Neurophysiol 88: 2755–2764, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00057.2002. The mitral cell primary dendrite plays an important role in transmitting distal olfactory nerve input from olfactory gl ...
... Hines, and Jens Midtgaard. Multiple modes of action potential initiation and propagation in mitral cell primary dendrite. J Neurophysiol 88: 2755–2764, 2002; 10.1152/jn.00057.2002. The mitral cell primary dendrite plays an important role in transmitting distal olfactory nerve input from olfactory gl ...
Primary Visual Pathway
... • Each eye sees a part of the visual space that defines its visual field ...
... • Each eye sees a part of the visual space that defines its visual field ...
Rapid Critical Period Induction by Tonic Inhibition in Visual Cortex
... Diazepam (DZ) or vehicle solution was infused daily before and/or during 4 d of MD in GAD65 knock-out mice. Extracellular singleunit recordings from the binocular zone of visual cortex were performed at the end of deprivation. We found that a minimum treatment of 2 d near the beginning of MD was suf ...
... Diazepam (DZ) or vehicle solution was infused daily before and/or during 4 d of MD in GAD65 knock-out mice. Extracellular singleunit recordings from the binocular zone of visual cortex were performed at the end of deprivation. We found that a minimum treatment of 2 d near the beginning of MD was suf ...
Human Physiology - Maryville University
... nerve stimulation Smooth becomes more sensitive when ANS input is cut (=denervation hypersensitivity) Many types of smooth are spontaneously active & contract rhythmically without ANS input ANS input simply increases or decreases intrinsic activity ...
... nerve stimulation Smooth becomes more sensitive when ANS input is cut (=denervation hypersensitivity) Many types of smooth are spontaneously active & contract rhythmically without ANS input ANS input simply increases or decreases intrinsic activity ...
Development of GAP-43 mRNA in the macaque cerebral cortex
... migration of neuronal cells, arborization of dendrites, axonal elongation, synaptogenesis, and myelination Žfor review, see w20x.. Few studies, however, focus on the differences between the cortical areas. Some aspects of development are concurrent among the cortical areas, while others are not. In ...
... migration of neuronal cells, arborization of dendrites, axonal elongation, synaptogenesis, and myelination Žfor review, see w20x.. Few studies, however, focus on the differences between the cortical areas. Some aspects of development are concurrent among the cortical areas, while others are not. In ...
Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)-A Function and Binding in
... Abstract—The goal of this study was to determine whether ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission and GABA binding are altered in chronic renal-wrap hypertension. Three groups of hypertensive and sham-operated rats were prepared for separate protocols. Four weeks later, the animals were prepared ...
... Abstract—The goal of this study was to determine whether ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission and GABA binding are altered in chronic renal-wrap hypertension. Three groups of hypertensive and sham-operated rats were prepared for separate protocols. Four weeks later, the animals were prepared ...
Protracted Synaptogenesis after Activity
... spines, ranging from 15 to 19 h, consistently have ultrastructural hallmarks typical of synapses. This is in agreement with a recent in vivo study that showed that, after a few days, new spines consistently form functional synapses. In addition, our study provides a much more detailed understanding ...
... spines, ranging from 15 to 19 h, consistently have ultrastructural hallmarks typical of synapses. This is in agreement with a recent in vivo study that showed that, after a few days, new spines consistently form functional synapses. In addition, our study provides a much more detailed understanding ...
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... Abstract: A wealth of research focuses on the decision-making processes that animals and humans employ when selecting actions in the face of reward and punishment. Initially such work stemmed from psychological investigations of conditioned behavior, and explanations of these in terms of computation ...
... Abstract: A wealth of research focuses on the decision-making processes that animals and humans employ when selecting actions in the face of reward and punishment. Initially such work stemmed from psychological investigations of conditioned behavior, and explanations of these in terms of computation ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.