ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF NEURONAL
... Neuronal development relies on the coordination of various biological mechanisms, including the trafficking and function of neurotransmitter receptors and synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). In this dissertation, I investigated various distinct, yet related, mechanisms of neuronal development: ...
... Neuronal development relies on the coordination of various biological mechanisms, including the trafficking and function of neurotransmitter receptors and synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). In this dissertation, I investigated various distinct, yet related, mechanisms of neuronal development: ...
An overview of reservoir computing: theory, applications and
... The random connectivity does not give a clear insight in what is going on in the reservoir. In [9] a reservoir was constructed consisting out of nodes that only have a random self-connection. This topology, called Simple ESN, consists effectively of a random filter bank and it was shown that its perfo ...
... The random connectivity does not give a clear insight in what is going on in the reservoir. In [9] a reservoir was constructed consisting out of nodes that only have a random self-connection. This topology, called Simple ESN, consists effectively of a random filter bank and it was shown that its perfo ...
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... inputs; the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synaptic contacts is ⬃10:1, which is unprecedented in the CNS (71). This pattern of synaptic organization, which results in noise assuming the characteristics of signal, allows hypocretinergic neurons to be easily activated, leading to rapid arousal (71) ...
... inputs; the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synaptic contacts is ⬃10:1, which is unprecedented in the CNS (71). This pattern of synaptic organization, which results in noise assuming the characteristics of signal, allows hypocretinergic neurons to be easily activated, leading to rapid arousal (71) ...
Frontal lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
... Subject characteristics (see Table 2 for means and standard deviations) All three subject groups were matched for age and the analysis revealed no significant differences between groups. The 95% confidence intervals for the difference in mean age between ALSu and ALSi (-1.6, 3.0), controls and ALSu ...
... Subject characteristics (see Table 2 for means and standard deviations) All three subject groups were matched for age and the analysis revealed no significant differences between groups. The 95% confidence intervals for the difference in mean age between ALSu and ALSi (-1.6, 3.0), controls and ALSu ...
Alterations of Mitochondria and Golgi Apparatus Are
... might play an important role in impairing mitochondrial dynamics [39]. During AD processes accumulation of APP occurs mostly in the mitochondrial import channels, inducing mito‐ chondrial functional impairment [40]. APP could not be processed to generate Aβ peptide locally [41] although a fraction o ...
... might play an important role in impairing mitochondrial dynamics [39]. During AD processes accumulation of APP occurs mostly in the mitochondrial import channels, inducing mito‐ chondrial functional impairment [40]. APP could not be processed to generate Aβ peptide locally [41] although a fraction o ...
neuro 2009 - addiction education home
... duration of disappearance of withdrawal or intoxication symptoms, many patients have obvious deterioration of cognitive functions. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the substance use disorders and the executive functions. METHODS: Two groups were selected for this study. ...
... duration of disappearance of withdrawal or intoxication symptoms, many patients have obvious deterioration of cognitive functions. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the substance use disorders and the executive functions. METHODS: Two groups were selected for this study. ...
The neurochemistry of the GnRH pulse generator
... Abstract. We review the crucial role of the two neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and GABA in eliciting GnRH pulses. NE acts via an al-receptor mechanism and also GABA acts at the a-subtype of the GABA receptor. The function of NE appears to be induction of phasic activation of GnRH neurons and ...
... Abstract. We review the crucial role of the two neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and GABA in eliciting GnRH pulses. NE acts via an al-receptor mechanism and also GABA acts at the a-subtype of the GABA receptor. The function of NE appears to be induction of phasic activation of GnRH neurons and ...
Multiple routes to memory: Distinct medial
... and generation of an associated spatial mental image. As discussed below, this prediction was confirmed. By contrast, the Read condition failed to yield above-baseline MTL activation; this may reflect the limited associative demands of the read task or the presence of phonological encoding computati ...
... and generation of an associated spatial mental image. As discussed below, this prediction was confirmed. By contrast, the Read condition failed to yield above-baseline MTL activation; this may reflect the limited associative demands of the read task or the presence of phonological encoding computati ...
Descending Inhibitory Systems
... signals due to action on central terminals of primary afferent fibers (presynaptic inhibition). Accordingly, central terminals of nociceptive primary afferents have receptors for neurotransmitters released in the spinal cord only by descending axons, such as noradrenaline (Stone et al., 1998). In li ...
... signals due to action on central terminals of primary afferent fibers (presynaptic inhibition). Accordingly, central terminals of nociceptive primary afferents have receptors for neurotransmitters released in the spinal cord only by descending axons, such as noradrenaline (Stone et al., 1998). In li ...
Divided by Cytochrome Oxidase: A Map of the Projections from V1 to
... the induction of associative LTP. Such a role is also supported by recent experiments with a caged function– blocking antibody to BDNF (36), although the site of BDNF release is not clear yet. Although an autocrine action of postsynaptically released neurotrophin-4/5 has been proposed for the neurom ...
... the induction of associative LTP. Such a role is also supported by recent experiments with a caged function– blocking antibody to BDNF (36), although the site of BDNF release is not clear yet. Although an autocrine action of postsynaptically released neurotrophin-4/5 has been proposed for the neurom ...
A Neural Theory of Visual Attention
... finding is readily explained by NTVA’s notion of filtering on the basis of attentional weights. A second typical effect of attention is a modest modulation of firing rates with a single stimulus in the RF. In the Attentional Effects With a Single Stimulus in the RF section, this finding is explained ...
... finding is readily explained by NTVA’s notion of filtering on the basis of attentional weights. A second typical effect of attention is a modest modulation of firing rates with a single stimulus in the RF. In the Attentional Effects With a Single Stimulus in the RF section, this finding is explained ...
Software Documents
... The kind of locomotion available to the creature is determined indirectly, by the kind of physics simulated in the environment. This is affected by the controls over the presence or absence of gravity and water, and by whether the ground plane is permeable (see next section). If water is present, th ...
... The kind of locomotion available to the creature is determined indirectly, by the kind of physics simulated in the environment. This is affected by the controls over the presence or absence of gravity and water, and by whether the ground plane is permeable (see next section). If water is present, th ...
FREE Sample Here
... 30. When a neuron is at rest, a. it is not being stimulated. b. the gates that control the passage of potassium ions are closed. c. there is a greater concentration of positively charged sodium ions inside the cell body than outside of it. d. it has a slightly positive charge. e. it lacks potential ...
... 30. When a neuron is at rest, a. it is not being stimulated. b. the gates that control the passage of potassium ions are closed. c. there is a greater concentration of positively charged sodium ions inside the cell body than outside of it. d. it has a slightly positive charge. e. it lacks potential ...
Cortical Connectivity Suggests a Role in Limb
... Figure 3. Location of injection site in lateral PE (case 1) and cortical distribution of retrograde-labeled cells. Sagittal sections (A–F ) were taken at the levels indicated on the brain silhouette. Bottom right, Two-dimensional reconstruction illustrating the distribution and density of labeled ce ...
... Figure 3. Location of injection site in lateral PE (case 1) and cortical distribution of retrograde-labeled cells. Sagittal sections (A–F ) were taken at the levels indicated on the brain silhouette. Bottom right, Two-dimensional reconstruction illustrating the distribution and density of labeled ce ...
Clarinet (CLA-‐1), a novel active zone protein required for synaptic
... synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-‐1 ...
... synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-‐1 ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... few have any idea what it does. It is thin and fairly small—in humans, its volume is a quarter of one percentage of that of the cerebral cortex (Kowianski et al. 1999)—and so it is easily overlooked. Crick (1994) described the claustrum briefly, but since then we have left it to one side. So what pr ...
... few have any idea what it does. It is thin and fairly small—in humans, its volume is a quarter of one percentage of that of the cerebral cortex (Kowianski et al. 1999)—and so it is easily overlooked. Crick (1994) described the claustrum briefly, but since then we have left it to one side. So what pr ...
Clarinet (CLA-‐1), a novel active zone protein required for
... synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-‐1 ...
... synaptic vesicles adjacent to the dense projection and an increased number of docked vesicles. Cla-‐1 ...
brain derived neurotrophic factor transport and physiological
... Chapter 2: Fig. 8 Mutant huntingtin in HD brain lysate decreases the efficiency of the interaction of HAP1 with proBDNF, pro domain BDNF, mature BDNF…………………………………………………………….119 Chapter 2: Fig. 9 HAP1/proBDNF complex is altered in HD……….…..123 Chapter 2: Fig. 10 HAP1 plays a critical role in the acti ...
... Chapter 2: Fig. 8 Mutant huntingtin in HD brain lysate decreases the efficiency of the interaction of HAP1 with proBDNF, pro domain BDNF, mature BDNF…………………………………………………………….119 Chapter 2: Fig. 9 HAP1/proBDNF complex is altered in HD……….…..123 Chapter 2: Fig. 10 HAP1 plays a critical role in the acti ...
Evidence of Basal Temporo-occipital Cortex
... at a distance of 115 cm. RDS were used as stimulus to study disparity sensitivity. They were generated by using a conventional personal computer running software developed in our own laboratory (Gonzalez and Krause, 1994). The patient wore red/green eyeglasses and viewed the frontal surface where th ...
... at a distance of 115 cm. RDS were used as stimulus to study disparity sensitivity. They were generated by using a conventional personal computer running software developed in our own laboratory (Gonzalez and Krause, 1994). The patient wore red/green eyeglasses and viewed the frontal surface where th ...
Normalization in human somatosensory cortex
... stimulus-evoked responses of individual neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) (Carandini et al. 1997; Carandini and Heeger 1994; Heeger 1992). The model’s defining characteristic is that the response of each neuron is divided by a factor that includes the summed activity of a pool of neurons (Carand ...
... stimulus-evoked responses of individual neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) (Carandini et al. 1997; Carandini and Heeger 1994; Heeger 1992). The model’s defining characteristic is that the response of each neuron is divided by a factor that includes the summed activity of a pool of neurons (Carand ...
(Nurr1, Nur77, and Nor-1) by Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics i
... of both c-fos mRNA and Fos-like immunoreactivity in the dorsolateral striatum. In contrast, atypical antipsychotics that are unlikely to generate EPS either fail to increase or produce minor elevation of c-fos or Fos-like immunoreactivity in this brain area (for review, see Herrera and Robertson, 19 ...
... of both c-fos mRNA and Fos-like immunoreactivity in the dorsolateral striatum. In contrast, atypical antipsychotics that are unlikely to generate EPS either fail to increase or produce minor elevation of c-fos or Fos-like immunoreactivity in this brain area (for review, see Herrera and Robertson, 19 ...
Neural Control of Eye Movements
... • Latency is the Dme taken between the appearance of a target and the eye movement to the target • Average saccade latency is around 200msec; slightly faster in a monkey • CorDcal and sub-corDcal processing related to visual processing, target selecDon and motor programming contributes to lat ...
... • Latency is the Dme taken between the appearance of a target and the eye movement to the target • Average saccade latency is around 200msec; slightly faster in a monkey • CorDcal and sub-corDcal processing related to visual processing, target selecDon and motor programming contributes to lat ...
Independent and Convergent Signals From the Pontomedullary
... the contribution. Indeed, there have been very few studies that have examined the activity of neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation (PMRF) during discrete voluntary movements (Gibson et al. 1998; although, for information in primates on the contribution of the mesencephalic reticular for ...
... the contribution. Indeed, there have been very few studies that have examined the activity of neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation (PMRF) during discrete voluntary movements (Gibson et al. 1998; although, for information in primates on the contribution of the mesencephalic reticular for ...
Glial heterogeneity: the increasing complexity of the brain
... stem which regulate breathing, or the cerebellar circuits responsible for fine-tuning motor coordination. While excitatory and inhibitory neurons are the main relay stations for the input, processing and output of electrical signals, the macroglial cells execute quite different tasks. Astrocytes are ...
... stem which regulate breathing, or the cerebellar circuits responsible for fine-tuning motor coordination. While excitatory and inhibitory neurons are the main relay stations for the input, processing and output of electrical signals, the macroglial cells execute quite different tasks. Astrocytes are ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.