The Molecular and Neuroanatomical Basis for Estrogen Effects in
... and calcium ion entry, and protection of neurons from damage by excitotoxins and free radicals (Table 1 and Fig. 1). These estrogen actions occur through at least two types of intracellular receptors as well as a number of other mechanisms involving receptors that have not been characterized. Indeed ...
... and calcium ion entry, and protection of neurons from damage by excitotoxins and free radicals (Table 1 and Fig. 1). These estrogen actions occur through at least two types of intracellular receptors as well as a number of other mechanisms involving receptors that have not been characterized. Indeed ...
H1 - Brian Whitworth
... – advanced special service teams facing high challenges work this way (facing a cliff, the climbing expert controls, in a watercrossing, the water expert takes charge – CSMA/CD (ethernet) networks are more efficient than central polling networks for the same reason – each can take what they need – W ...
... – advanced special service teams facing high challenges work this way (facing a cliff, the climbing expert controls, in a watercrossing, the water expert takes charge – CSMA/CD (ethernet) networks are more efficient than central polling networks for the same reason – each can take what they need – W ...
central effects of centripetal impulses in axons of spinal ventral roots
... have now revealed relatively prolonged bursts of action potentials, which are believed to originate in interneurons of the ventral horn. Although has not been exthis activity haustively investigated, information concerning it is presented at this time because of its possible importance in the econom ...
... have now revealed relatively prolonged bursts of action potentials, which are believed to originate in interneurons of the ventral horn. Although has not been exthis activity haustively investigated, information concerning it is presented at this time because of its possible importance in the econom ...
`off` responses in cat visual cortical receptive fields
... 2. Differential pairing between visual input evoked in a fixed position of the RF and preset levels of postsynaptic firing (imposed iontophoretically) were used alternately to boost the ‘on’ (or ‘off’) response to a ‘high’ level of firing (S¤ pairing), and to reduce the opponent response (respective ...
... 2. Differential pairing between visual input evoked in a fixed position of the RF and preset levels of postsynaptic firing (imposed iontophoretically) were used alternately to boost the ‘on’ (or ‘off’) response to a ‘high’ level of firing (S¤ pairing), and to reduce the opponent response (respective ...
GLIA: LISTENING AND TALKING TO THE SYNAPSE
... have indicated that passive diffusion of Ins(1,4,5)P3 would not be sufficient by itself to account for the spread of the Ca2+ wave. Therefore, some form of regeneration of the source of Ins(1,4,5)P3 would be required to explain it35,37. Although the partially regenerative nature of the signal could ...
... have indicated that passive diffusion of Ins(1,4,5)P3 would not be sufficient by itself to account for the spread of the Ca2+ wave. Therefore, some form of regeneration of the source of Ins(1,4,5)P3 would be required to explain it35,37. Although the partially regenerative nature of the signal could ...
A Brief History of the Reticular Formation
... states that whenever the motivation is the same, a defined set of stimuli will always release a specific motor response. Lorentz was the first to propose this concept in a 1935 German paper but not until 1948 and 1951 did Tinbergen introduce this concept to the English speaking world. The region of ...
... states that whenever the motivation is the same, a defined set of stimuli will always release a specific motor response. Lorentz was the first to propose this concept in a 1935 German paper but not until 1948 and 1951 did Tinbergen introduce this concept to the English speaking world. The region of ...
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
... This makes the brain more symmetrical because the right prefrontal lobe is generally larger than the left prefrontal lobe. This correlates with the symptoms of ADHD because the right prefrontal lobe is involved in attentional functioning. Landau, Auerbach, GrossTsur, and Shalev (2003) state that chi ...
... This makes the brain more symmetrical because the right prefrontal lobe is generally larger than the left prefrontal lobe. This correlates with the symptoms of ADHD because the right prefrontal lobe is involved in attentional functioning. Landau, Auerbach, GrossTsur, and Shalev (2003) state that chi ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... prepared from brains of foetal mice, but binding of type E toxin was weak. None of the toxin types bound to the feeder layer, composed of non-neuronal cells. The heavy-chain component of the type C1toxin bound to neurons, but the light chain component did not. Type C, toxin also bound only to cell l ...
... prepared from brains of foetal mice, but binding of type E toxin was weak. None of the toxin types bound to the feeder layer, composed of non-neuronal cells. The heavy-chain component of the type C1toxin bound to neurons, but the light chain component did not. Type C, toxin also bound only to cell l ...
Shape Selectivity in Primate Frontal Eye Field
... many FEF neurons (81%) are modulated by stimulus motion, and Ferraina et al. (2000) reported that many FEF visual and visuo-movement neurons (76%) were selective for binocular disparity during either early or late responses. Motion and disparity are both properties widely associated with the dorsal ...
... many FEF neurons (81%) are modulated by stimulus motion, and Ferraina et al. (2000) reported that many FEF visual and visuo-movement neurons (76%) were selective for binocular disparity during either early or late responses. Motion and disparity are both properties widely associated with the dorsal ...
16-2 The Sympathetic Division
... • In brain stem and spinal cord, are known as preganglionic neurons • Preganglionic fibers • Axons of preganglionic neurons • Leave CNS and synapse on ganglionic neurons ...
... • In brain stem and spinal cord, are known as preganglionic neurons • Preganglionic fibers • Axons of preganglionic neurons • Leave CNS and synapse on ganglionic neurons ...
Representing Spatial Relationships in Posterior
... viewer-centered frames of reference. This provides evidence that the activity of a subpopulation of parietal neurons active in the construction task represented relative position as referenced to an object and not absolute position with respect to the viewer. ...
... viewer-centered frames of reference. This provides evidence that the activity of a subpopulation of parietal neurons active in the construction task represented relative position as referenced to an object and not absolute position with respect to the viewer. ...
PLoS Biol. 2016 Oct 10.
... ms. Notably, quasi-identical notes produced at different times in the song motif were preceded by highly similar spike patterns in these projection neurons. Such local isometry between output from the nucleus interface of the nidopallium and vocalizations suggests that projection neurons in this bra ...
... ms. Notably, quasi-identical notes produced at different times in the song motif were preceded by highly similar spike patterns in these projection neurons. Such local isometry between output from the nucleus interface of the nidopallium and vocalizations suggests that projection neurons in this bra ...
Segundo trabajo
... kinase (MAPK) pathway specific inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126). Activation of the p42/p44 MAPK pathway by GDNF led to an increase in the degree of dendritic arborization and axon length of both GABA- and calbindin-positive neurons but had no effect on their survival and maturation. These GDNF-mediate ...
... kinase (MAPK) pathway specific inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126). Activation of the p42/p44 MAPK pathway by GDNF led to an increase in the degree of dendritic arborization and axon length of both GABA- and calbindin-positive neurons but had no effect on their survival and maturation. These GDNF-mediate ...
The subthalamic nucleus exerts opposite control on cocaine and
... striatum) recorded in freely moving rats were found to be differentially activated by natural reward (water and food) versus cocaine reinforcement26,27. In addition, the activity of ventral striatal neurons was notably different for cocaine and juice reward in monkeys performing a reaction-time task ...
... striatum) recorded in freely moving rats were found to be differentially activated by natural reward (water and food) versus cocaine reinforcement26,27. In addition, the activity of ventral striatal neurons was notably different for cocaine and juice reward in monkeys performing a reaction-time task ...
Cerebral cortex and the clinical expression of
... psychosis. As of yet, no satisfactory explanation has been offered as to why the clinical symptoms can be so complex and variable in a disorder that has traditionally been conceived principally as disabling the basal ganglia circuitry in which other pathologies such as strokes and surgical or functi ...
... psychosis. As of yet, no satisfactory explanation has been offered as to why the clinical symptoms can be so complex and variable in a disorder that has traditionally been conceived principally as disabling the basal ganglia circuitry in which other pathologies such as strokes and surgical or functi ...
TREBALL 6
... The atypical antipsychotic drug aripiprazole (ARI) shows high in vitro affinity for 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and dopamine (DA) D2 receptors. In the present study we examined the in vivo actions of ARI in he rat and mouse brain using single unit recordings and microdialysis. The systemic administration of ARI ...
... The atypical antipsychotic drug aripiprazole (ARI) shows high in vitro affinity for 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and dopamine (DA) D2 receptors. In the present study we examined the in vivo actions of ARI in he rat and mouse brain using single unit recordings and microdialysis. The systemic administration of ARI ...
Relative timing: from behaviour to neurons
... of the telescope, and measured time by listening to beats of a clock; they then matched which beat of the clock corresponded to the instant the star passed a particular graticule line, i.e. a TOJ between a visual and an auditory signal. Variations in these judgements among astronomers stimulated som ...
... of the telescope, and measured time by listening to beats of a clock; they then matched which beat of the clock corresponded to the instant the star passed a particular graticule line, i.e. a TOJ between a visual and an auditory signal. Variations in these judgements among astronomers stimulated som ...
The Circuitry of V1 and V2 - UCSD Cognitive Science
... Although our knowledge has certainly grown since the trail blazing work of Hubel and Wiesel, it evokes a sense of humility to survey the progress in our field. For instance, ocular dominance columns were discovered more than 30 years ago but have yet to be invested with a function (Horton & Adams 200 ...
... Although our knowledge has certainly grown since the trail blazing work of Hubel and Wiesel, it evokes a sense of humility to survey the progress in our field. For instance, ocular dominance columns were discovered more than 30 years ago but have yet to be invested with a function (Horton & Adams 200 ...
Human Reflexes Introductory Reading and
... Reflex testing is an important diagnostic tool for assessing the condition of the nervous system. Distorted, exaggerated, or reflexes that are absent may indicate degeneration or pathology of portions of the nervous system, often before other signs are apparent. If the spinal cord is damaged, then r ...
... Reflex testing is an important diagnostic tool for assessing the condition of the nervous system. Distorted, exaggerated, or reflexes that are absent may indicate degeneration or pathology of portions of the nervous system, often before other signs are apparent. If the spinal cord is damaged, then r ...
Fig. 1
... demonstrated that axon specification and neuronal polarization occurs during the first 24 h [7], when our study shows a significant change in Hsp90 expression levels. Hence, we studied the morphology and polarization of cultured hippocampal neurons at 3 DIV with or without the previous addition of an H ...
... demonstrated that axon specification and neuronal polarization occurs during the first 24 h [7], when our study shows a significant change in Hsp90 expression levels. Hence, we studied the morphology and polarization of cultured hippocampal neurons at 3 DIV with or without the previous addition of an H ...
FREE Sample Here
... Neurons are specialized cells that conduct impulses through the nervous system. The cell body contains the nucleus and carries out the metabolic, or life-sustaining, functions of a neuron. The dendrites project out from the cell bodies are the primary receivers of signals from other neurons. ...
... Neurons are specialized cells that conduct impulses through the nervous system. The cell body contains the nucleus and carries out the metabolic, or life-sustaining, functions of a neuron. The dendrites project out from the cell bodies are the primary receivers of signals from other neurons. ...
ACTION POTENTIAL THRESHOLD OF HIPPOCAMPAL
... Understanding the mechanisms that lead to action potential initiation in single cells is a necessary step in determining the way neural networks process information. In particular, the precise mechanisms that underlie the initiation of action potentials are important factors for understanding whethe ...
... Understanding the mechanisms that lead to action potential initiation in single cells is a necessary step in determining the way neural networks process information. In particular, the precise mechanisms that underlie the initiation of action potentials are important factors for understanding whethe ...
Supplementary Information (doc 2382K)
... were clamped at -70 mV; for mEPSCs, 50 μM picrotoxin, 50 μm APV and 1 μm tetrodotoxin were included in the ACSF. For measurements of the E/I ratio, the internal solution contained (in mM): 125 K-gluconate, 20 KCl, 4 Mg-ATP, 0.3 Na-GTP, 10 Na2 phosphocreatine, 0.5 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 10 QX-314. Neurons w ...
... were clamped at -70 mV; for mEPSCs, 50 μM picrotoxin, 50 μm APV and 1 μm tetrodotoxin were included in the ACSF. For measurements of the E/I ratio, the internal solution contained (in mM): 125 K-gluconate, 20 KCl, 4 Mg-ATP, 0.3 Na-GTP, 10 Na2 phosphocreatine, 0.5 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 10 QX-314. Neurons w ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.