How the hippocampus preserves order: the role of
... Thus, we provide some discussion of this here but refer readers to other recent reviews for more in-depth discussion [8,64–67]. Lesion work in rodents clearly demonstrates the necessity of the hippocampus for sequence memory [68,69]. Complementary electrophysiological data have allowed researchers t ...
... Thus, we provide some discussion of this here but refer readers to other recent reviews for more in-depth discussion [8,64–67]. Lesion work in rodents clearly demonstrates the necessity of the hippocampus for sequence memory [68,69]. Complementary electrophysiological data have allowed researchers t ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... Prader-Willi Syndrome is the most common syndromic form of human obesity and is caused by the loss of function of several genes, including MAGEL2. Mice lacking Magel2 display increased weight gain with excess adiposity and other defects suggestive of hypothalamic deficiency. We demonstrate Magel2-nu ...
... Prader-Willi Syndrome is the most common syndromic form of human obesity and is caused by the loss of function of several genes, including MAGEL2. Mice lacking Magel2 display increased weight gain with excess adiposity and other defects suggestive of hypothalamic deficiency. We demonstrate Magel2-nu ...
Supplementary Information (doc 2382K)
... were clamped at -70 mV; for mEPSCs, 50 μM picrotoxin, 50 μm APV and 1 μm tetrodotoxin were included in the ACSF. For measurements of the E/I ratio, the internal solution contained (in mM): 125 K-gluconate, 20 KCl, 4 Mg-ATP, 0.3 Na-GTP, 10 Na2 phosphocreatine, 0.5 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 10 QX-314. Neurons w ...
... were clamped at -70 mV; for mEPSCs, 50 μM picrotoxin, 50 μm APV and 1 μm tetrodotoxin were included in the ACSF. For measurements of the E/I ratio, the internal solution contained (in mM): 125 K-gluconate, 20 KCl, 4 Mg-ATP, 0.3 Na-GTP, 10 Na2 phosphocreatine, 0.5 EGTA, 10 HEPES, 10 QX-314. Neurons w ...
Natural reward-related learning in rats with neonatal ventral
... In exploring these hypotheses, we studied rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) in a natural reward learning protocol 1 week after exposure to a 5-day regimen of cocaine (COC) injections. NVHL rats have been studied by several groups as a comprehensive animal model of schizophrenia. ...
... In exploring these hypotheses, we studied rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) in a natural reward learning protocol 1 week after exposure to a 5-day regimen of cocaine (COC) injections. NVHL rats have been studied by several groups as a comprehensive animal model of schizophrenia. ...
The Role of NMDA and Non-NMDA Excitatory Amino Acid
... (STT) neurons did not support the idea that NMDA receptors are specifically associatedwith nociceptive transmission. For example, we have shown that iontophoretic administration of an NMDA antagonist,DL-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoicacid (AP7), can reduce responsesof individual STT cells to innocuous ...
... (STT) neurons did not support the idea that NMDA receptors are specifically associatedwith nociceptive transmission. For example, we have shown that iontophoretic administration of an NMDA antagonist,DL-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoicacid (AP7), can reduce responsesof individual STT cells to innocuous ...
Notch resolves mixed neural identities in the
... perturbation of this Flh/proneural genes cascade affects both photoreceptors and projection neurons, indicating that flh, ascl1a and ngn1 are not involved in the specification of neuronal subtype identity (Cau and Wilson, 2003; Masai et al., 1997). Thus, although we understand how neurons are produc ...
... perturbation of this Flh/proneural genes cascade affects both photoreceptors and projection neurons, indicating that flh, ascl1a and ngn1 are not involved in the specification of neuronal subtype identity (Cau and Wilson, 2003; Masai et al., 1997). Thus, although we understand how neurons are produc ...
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs): The three musketeers of
... (Persson et al. 2006) and in the cerebellum (Boulland et al. 2004), where a developmental switch from one isoform to another can be seen (Miyazaki et al. 2003). It was proposed that in these neurons VGLUTs can be segregated to different synapse populations (segregation model) or colocalized in the s ...
... (Persson et al. 2006) and in the cerebellum (Boulland et al. 2004), where a developmental switch from one isoform to another can be seen (Miyazaki et al. 2003). It was proposed that in these neurons VGLUTs can be segregated to different synapse populations (segregation model) or colocalized in the s ...
Nervous Systems
... • The core of the brainstem has a diffuse network of neurons called the reticular formation • This regulates the amount and type of information that reaches the cerebral cortex and affects alertness ...
... • The core of the brainstem has a diffuse network of neurons called the reticular formation • This regulates the amount and type of information that reaches the cerebral cortex and affects alertness ...
video slide
... are closed, but the activation gates on some K+ channels are still open. As these gates close on most K+ channels, and the inactivation gates open on Na+ channels, the membrane returns to its resting state. ...
... are closed, but the activation gates on some K+ channels are still open. As these gates close on most K+ channels, and the inactivation gates open on Na+ channels, the membrane returns to its resting state. ...
Ontogeny, Compartmentation, and Turnover of Spectrin lsoforms in
... knowledge of the assembly, organization, and metabolism of skeletal proteins is essential to understanding the molecular basis of neuronal form and function. While studies of neuronal structural proteins have long been directed at the microtubules, neurofilaments, and actin filaments (Wuerker and Ki ...
... knowledge of the assembly, organization, and metabolism of skeletal proteins is essential to understanding the molecular basis of neuronal form and function. While studies of neuronal structural proteins have long been directed at the microtubules, neurofilaments, and actin filaments (Wuerker and Ki ...
Ch. 49
... The Diencephalon • The diencephalon develops into three regions: the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus • The epithalamus includes the pineal gland and generates cerebrospinal fluid from blood • The thalamus is the main input center for sensory information to the cerebrum and the main output c ...
... The Diencephalon • The diencephalon develops into three regions: the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus • The epithalamus includes the pineal gland and generates cerebrospinal fluid from blood • The thalamus is the main input center for sensory information to the cerebrum and the main output c ...
basic mechanisms of sleep
... waves can be blocked by cholinergic antagonists (8). A long history of microinjection studies has shown that, at the level of the pons, cholinergic mechanisms at a variety of sites participate in the suppression of muscle tone accompanying REM (for review, see ref. 33). In addition to brainstemmedia ...
... waves can be blocked by cholinergic antagonists (8). A long history of microinjection studies has shown that, at the level of the pons, cholinergic mechanisms at a variety of sites participate in the suppression of muscle tone accompanying REM (for review, see ref. 33). In addition to brainstemmedia ...
Chapter 12 - Las Positas College
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... CB1-immunoreactive (IR) axons exhibited considerable heterogeneity in density and laminar distribution. Neocortical association regions, such as the prefrontal and cingulate cortices, demonstrated a higher density, and exhibited a unique laminar pattern of CB1-IR axons, compared with primary sensory ...
... CB1-immunoreactive (IR) axons exhibited considerable heterogeneity in density and laminar distribution. Neocortical association regions, such as the prefrontal and cingulate cortices, demonstrated a higher density, and exhibited a unique laminar pattern of CB1-IR axons, compared with primary sensory ...
Spinal Cord - Sydney University Medical Society
... Joint Receptors - these are carried via Type II fibres (~30-70m/s) o Pain / Temperature A-delta Free Nerve Endings – these Type III fibres have small amount of myelin and are associated with sharp, local pain which is typically superficial (~0.5-2m/s) C Free Nerve Endings – these Type IV fibre ...
... Joint Receptors - these are carried via Type II fibres (~30-70m/s) o Pain / Temperature A-delta Free Nerve Endings – these Type III fibres have small amount of myelin and are associated with sharp, local pain which is typically superficial (~0.5-2m/s) C Free Nerve Endings – these Type IV fibre ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... The functional roles of VTA dopamine neurons have received great attention because they are the primary source of dopamine in target structures such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which have important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviours and neuropsychi ...
... The functional roles of VTA dopamine neurons have received great attention because they are the primary source of dopamine in target structures such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which have important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviours and neuropsychi ...
The State of the Art of Respiratory Control
... faster acting peripheral respiratory chemoreceptors, located at the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries and in the aortic arch, respond to changes in both arterial CO 2 and O 2 . The dominant afferent input that maintains breathing when you are conscious is the descending “wakefulness drive” ...
... faster acting peripheral respiratory chemoreceptors, located at the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries and in the aortic arch, respond to changes in both arterial CO 2 and O 2 . The dominant afferent input that maintains breathing when you are conscious is the descending “wakefulness drive” ...
Impact of diet on adult hippocampal neurogenesis
... which sleep supports learning and memory processes. Social isolation is a stressful experience in rodents and has been shown to be another negative regulator of AHN that correlates with learning abilities [69]. Pregnancy [95] and maternal experiences [64] in rodent also have a negative impact on AHN ...
... which sleep supports learning and memory processes. Social isolation is a stressful experience in rodents and has been shown to be another negative regulator of AHN that correlates with learning abilities [69]. Pregnancy [95] and maternal experiences [64] in rodent also have a negative impact on AHN ...
Benzisoxazole derivatives as Atypical Antipsychotic drugs: A Review
... neocortex layer which is region main of neurotransmission [43, 44]. 5HT2A receptor antagonism leads to depolarisation of pyramidal cells, thus leading to normalisation of pyramidal cell activity. The above hypothesis is the reason for antipsychotic potentials of benzisoxazole derived antipsychotics ...
... neocortex layer which is region main of neurotransmission [43, 44]. 5HT2A receptor antagonism leads to depolarisation of pyramidal cells, thus leading to normalisation of pyramidal cell activity. The above hypothesis is the reason for antipsychotic potentials of benzisoxazole derived antipsychotics ...
The Physics of the Brain
... b. Implement using an ODE a model to calculate the average current, compare to a. and to analytical curve ...
... b. Implement using an ODE a model to calculate the average current, compare to a. and to analytical curve ...
Chapter 29 - krigolson teaching
... sweep, the American psychologist Edwin Holt at the beginning of the 20th century posited that there must be a central anesthesia during the eye movement. But this cannot be true, for there are instances in which vision is quite clear during a saccade. An object can be seen during a saccade if it is ...
... sweep, the American psychologist Edwin Holt at the beginning of the 20th century posited that there must be a central anesthesia during the eye movement. But this cannot be true, for there are instances in which vision is quite clear during a saccade. An object can be seen during a saccade if it is ...
The central nervous system.
... As in all vertebrates, the only primary sensory receptor cells in teleosts are located in the olfactory mucosa, i.e., the axons of these cells represent the primary olfactory projections (fila olfactoria, olfactory nerve) and reach the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulbs.172 The number of glomer ...
... As in all vertebrates, the only primary sensory receptor cells in teleosts are located in the olfactory mucosa, i.e., the axons of these cells represent the primary olfactory projections (fila olfactoria, olfactory nerve) and reach the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulbs.172 The number of glomer ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Decomposing the
... stimulation of cortical tissue through the intact scalp of a participant. The technique induces a short-lived (~200 µs) electrical current of up to 5 kA in a stimulation coil placed over the scalp of the participant, which in turn will generate a perpendicular magnetic field (i.e., directed to the c ...
... stimulation of cortical tissue through the intact scalp of a participant. The technique induces a short-lived (~200 µs) electrical current of up to 5 kA in a stimulation coil placed over the scalp of the participant, which in turn will generate a perpendicular magnetic field (i.e., directed to the c ...
An Introduction To Human Neuroanatomy
... Myelin is a protein which increases the speed of information flow along axons. Axons are a nerve cell’s output fiber. The oligodendrocyte on the left is reaching out and wrapping its myelin-filled cell membrane around two nerve cell axons (labeled A1 and A2). In the right hand picture, we see severa ...
... Myelin is a protein which increases the speed of information flow along axons. Axons are a nerve cell’s output fiber. The oligodendrocyte on the left is reaching out and wrapping its myelin-filled cell membrane around two nerve cell axons (labeled A1 and A2). In the right hand picture, we see severa ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.