Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience
... hypothesis against a variety of alternative ideas that were developed to explain why the experience of INESC leads to later failure to learn to escape in a different environment and whether control/ lack of control is the critical underlying dimension (summarized in Maier & Seligman, 1976). Most of ...
... hypothesis against a variety of alternative ideas that were developed to explain why the experience of INESC leads to later failure to learn to escape in a different environment and whether control/ lack of control is the critical underlying dimension (summarized in Maier & Seligman, 1976). Most of ...
L-E Chap 6 2016
... Muscle spindles respond to quick and prolonged stretches of the muscle. Tendon organs signal the force generated by the muscle contraction or by a passive stretch of the tendon. Joint receptors respond to mechanical deformation of joint capsules and ligaments. ...
... Muscle spindles respond to quick and prolonged stretches of the muscle. Tendon organs signal the force generated by the muscle contraction or by a passive stretch of the tendon. Joint receptors respond to mechanical deformation of joint capsules and ligaments. ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... density in temporal and frontal cortical regions, respectively (Garey et al 1998). Another study (Glantz et al 2000) showed a 21% decrease in spine density in schizophrenic patients compared with age-matched controls. It is well known that the cognitive functions are impaired during normal aging. So ...
... density in temporal and frontal cortical regions, respectively (Garey et al 1998). Another study (Glantz et al 2000) showed a 21% decrease in spine density in schizophrenic patients compared with age-matched controls. It is well known that the cognitive functions are impaired during normal aging. So ...
View PDF - Laboratory of Brain, Hearing and Behavior
... performance after focal SC inactivation of the representation of the target stimulus. Downward black arrow indicates the decreased performance caused by SC inactivation. From [16!!]. (b) Discriminability of the strongest (highest priority) stimulus by neuronal responses in the owl OT as a function o ...
... performance after focal SC inactivation of the representation of the target stimulus. Downward black arrow indicates the decreased performance caused by SC inactivation. From [16!!]. (b) Discriminability of the strongest (highest priority) stimulus by neuronal responses in the owl OT as a function o ...
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
... bringing them closer to the threshold for action potential generation. Most channels rapidly inactivate, within milliseconds of opening, and then undergo conformational changes to recover from inactivation. Sodium channels are heteromultimers of a large a-subunit and smaller auxiliary b-subunits [2] ...
... bringing them closer to the threshold for action potential generation. Most channels rapidly inactivate, within milliseconds of opening, and then undergo conformational changes to recover from inactivation. Sodium channels are heteromultimers of a large a-subunit and smaller auxiliary b-subunits [2] ...
The thalamus as a putative biomarker in neurodegenerative disorders
... defining the boundaries of the thalamus are as follows: the third ventricle serves as the medial boundary, and the internal capsule separates the thalamus from the basal ganglia laterally; superiorly the thalamus is bound by the lateral ventricle, and inferiorly a number of distinctive structures a ...
... defining the boundaries of the thalamus are as follows: the third ventricle serves as the medial boundary, and the internal capsule separates the thalamus from the basal ganglia laterally; superiorly the thalamus is bound by the lateral ventricle, and inferiorly a number of distinctive structures a ...
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: Therapeutic Targets
... bringing them closer to the threshold for action potential generation. Most channels rapidly inactivate, within milliseconds of opening, and then undergo conformational changes to recover from inactivation. Sodium channels are heteromultimers of a large a-subunit and smaller auxiliary b-subunits [2] ...
... bringing them closer to the threshold for action potential generation. Most channels rapidly inactivate, within milliseconds of opening, and then undergo conformational changes to recover from inactivation. Sodium channels are heteromultimers of a large a-subunit and smaller auxiliary b-subunits [2] ...
Centrosome Motility Is Essential for Initial Axon Formation in the Neocortex
... al., 2006). Moreover, flies without centrioles develop normal neurons (Basto et al., 2006). It was demonstrated, however, that the Golgi apparatus is a source of a large number of noncentrosomal microtubules (Efimov et al., 2007) that might compensate for the lack of centrioles. Importantly, the fun ...
... al., 2006). Moreover, flies without centrioles develop normal neurons (Basto et al., 2006). It was demonstrated, however, that the Golgi apparatus is a source of a large number of noncentrosomal microtubules (Efimov et al., 2007) that might compensate for the lack of centrioles. Importantly, the fun ...
J Comp Neurol 2000 Lavenex - University of California, Berkeley
... caching behavior (Thompson and Thompson, 1980). During the nonbreeding season, males maintain larger home ranges than females (Thompson, 1978), and sex differences in home range further increase during the breeding season, when males are actively searching for females (Thompson, 1977). Eastern gray ...
... caching behavior (Thompson and Thompson, 1980). During the nonbreeding season, males maintain larger home ranges than females (Thompson, 1978), and sex differences in home range further increase during the breeding season, when males are actively searching for females (Thompson, 1977). Eastern gray ...
Full Text
... nucleotide exchange factors for Rap1 small GTPase, which is known to play crucial roles in migration of postmitotic neurons. We previously reported that conditional knockout of Rapgef2 in dorsal telencephalon (Rapgef2-cKO) resulted in the formation of an ectopic cortical mass (ECM) resembling that o ...
... nucleotide exchange factors for Rap1 small GTPase, which is known to play crucial roles in migration of postmitotic neurons. We previously reported that conditional knockout of Rapgef2 in dorsal telencephalon (Rapgef2-cKO) resulted in the formation of an ectopic cortical mass (ECM) resembling that o ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... paralog group (PG) 1 and PG2 genes are dependent on functional lzr/pbx4, and the motor neuron phenotype resulting from partial loss of function of hoxb1a is enhanced by loss of a single copy of lzr/pbx4. Previous studies of mouse mutants and mouse-chick chimeras indicated that the posterior migratio ...
... paralog group (PG) 1 and PG2 genes are dependent on functional lzr/pbx4, and the motor neuron phenotype resulting from partial loss of function of hoxb1a is enhanced by loss of a single copy of lzr/pbx4. Previous studies of mouse mutants and mouse-chick chimeras indicated that the posterior migratio ...
Chapter 3
... – precisely localization & identification – memories of our perceptions are stored in the cortex • Sensation is any stimuli the body is aware of – Chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, baroreceptors – What are we not aware of? • X-rays, ultra high frequency sound waves, UV light – We have no ...
... – precisely localization & identification – memories of our perceptions are stored in the cortex • Sensation is any stimuli the body is aware of – Chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, baroreceptors – What are we not aware of? • X-rays, ultra high frequency sound waves, UV light – We have no ...
contextual influences on visual processing
... With the development of techniques for recording neuronal action potentials and the subsequent application of these techniques to the study of the mammalian visual system, the field of visual science underwent a paradigm shift. Fundamental to the conduct and interpretation of neurophysiological expe ...
... With the development of techniques for recording neuronal action potentials and the subsequent application of these techniques to the study of the mammalian visual system, the field of visual science underwent a paradigm shift. Fundamental to the conduct and interpretation of neurophysiological expe ...
A Pitx transcription factor controls the establishment
... differentiation processes in planarians could therefore provide valuable insights into the basic mechanisms of disease and might reveal new conserved drug targets. However, it is currently unclear whether a distinct population of adult neural stem cells exists, or whether all neoblasts have a simila ...
... differentiation processes in planarians could therefore provide valuable insights into the basic mechanisms of disease and might reveal new conserved drug targets. However, it is currently unclear whether a distinct population of adult neural stem cells exists, or whether all neoblasts have a simila ...
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... The life and death of neurons: neurotrophic factors how they work, how neurons die. Conduction within neurons: origin of the resting potential, cable conduction, generation of action potentials, conduction o ...
... The life and death of neurons: neurotrophic factors how they work, how neurons die. Conduction within neurons: origin of the resting potential, cable conduction, generation of action potentials, conduction o ...
Chapter 3
... – precisely localization & identification – memories of our perceptions are stored in the cortex • Sensation is any stimuli the body is aware of – Chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, baroreceptors – What are we not aware of? • X-rays, ultra high frequency sound waves, UV light – We have no ...
... – precisely localization & identification – memories of our perceptions are stored in the cortex • Sensation is any stimuli the body is aware of – Chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, baroreceptors – What are we not aware of? • X-rays, ultra high frequency sound waves, UV light – We have no ...
Spatial tuning of reaching activity in the medial parieto
... We recorded neural activity from the medial parieto-occipital area V6A while three monkeys performed an instructed-delay reaching task in the dark. Targets to be reached were in different spatial positions. Neural discharges were recorded during reaching movements directed outward from the body (tow ...
... We recorded neural activity from the medial parieto-occipital area V6A while three monkeys performed an instructed-delay reaching task in the dark. Targets to be reached were in different spatial positions. Neural discharges were recorded during reaching movements directed outward from the body (tow ...
Anterior Cingulate Conflict Monitoring and Adjustments in Control
... the subsequent trial, as predicted by the conflict hypothesis. Finally, we examined a closely related set of predictions of the conflict hypothesis, that ACC error-related activity should also be followed by an increase in PFC activity and corresponding adjustments in performance (18, 19). According ...
... the subsequent trial, as predicted by the conflict hypothesis. Finally, we examined a closely related set of predictions of the conflict hypothesis, that ACC error-related activity should also be followed by an increase in PFC activity and corresponding adjustments in performance (18, 19). According ...
ALS - AJNR Blog
... • Evidence of UMN degeneration by clinical examination • Progressive spread of symptoms or signs within a region or to other regions (The body is divided into four regions: cranial, cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral) ...
... • Evidence of UMN degeneration by clinical examination • Progressive spread of symptoms or signs within a region or to other regions (The body is divided into four regions: cranial, cervical, thoracic and lumbosacral) ...
6.Lecture-664 - iLab! - University of Southern California
... patches we used to mark the hand, or as not belonging to any class. A straightforward way to detect whether a given target color (R’,G’,B’) matches the pixel color (R,G,B) is to look at the squared distance (R-R’)2 + (G-G’)2 + (B-B’) 2 with a threshold to do the classification. This does not work ...
... patches we used to mark the hand, or as not belonging to any class. A straightforward way to detect whether a given target color (R’,G’,B’) matches the pixel color (R,G,B) is to look at the squared distance (R-R’)2 + (G-G’)2 + (B-B’) 2 with a threshold to do the classification. This does not work ...
Article - Leslie Vosshall - The Rockefeller University
... Vosshall, 2005) were available. We were interested in revisiting the question of glomerular plasticity in the Drosophila olfactory system but using odor ligands specific for identified circuit elements. To examine the neurophysiological and behavioral consequences accompanying stimulusdependent anat ...
... Vosshall, 2005) were available. We were interested in revisiting the question of glomerular plasticity in the Drosophila olfactory system but using odor ligands specific for identified circuit elements. To examine the neurophysiological and behavioral consequences accompanying stimulusdependent anat ...
Pheromone signaling in the fruit fly Drosophila
... Subsequent efforts to find homologous ORs in insects were unsuccessful until 1999, when three groups separately managed to identify candidate Drosophila OR genes (Clyne et al. 1999, Gao and Chess 1999, Vosshall et al. 1999). In D. melanogaster there is a total of 62 olfactory receptors that are enc ...
... Subsequent efforts to find homologous ORs in insects were unsuccessful until 1999, when three groups separately managed to identify candidate Drosophila OR genes (Clyne et al. 1999, Gao and Chess 1999, Vosshall et al. 1999). In D. melanogaster there is a total of 62 olfactory receptors that are enc ...
Been There, Seen That: A Neural Mechanism for Performing
... incoming visual information is prioritized based on salience and then integrated with top-down feedback, such as the suppression of task irrelevant stimuli, modulation due to reward contingencies or prior expectations. Our hypothesis is that covert attention is allocated based on the topography of t ...
... incoming visual information is prioritized based on salience and then integrated with top-down feedback, such as the suppression of task irrelevant stimuli, modulation due to reward contingencies or prior expectations. Our hypothesis is that covert attention is allocated based on the topography of t ...
Receptors in lateral hypothalamic area involved in - AJP
... inhibiting the sympathetic nerve response to stimulation of the IC. The effective sites were very similar to those for kynurenate. Unlike AP-5, the non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist CNQX had no effect on the sympathetic nerve response to IC stimulation. These results indicate that the IC autono ...
... inhibiting the sympathetic nerve response to stimulation of the IC. The effective sites were very similar to those for kynurenate. Unlike AP-5, the non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist CNQX had no effect on the sympathetic nerve response to IC stimulation. These results indicate that the IC autono ...
Do neurons have a reserve of sodium channels for the generation of
... In order to test how the reduction of sodium channels affects the size and shape of single action potentials, sodium currents and action potentials were elicited at various TTX concentrations. The recordings revealed that the sodium currents were more sensitive to TTX than the action potentials (Fig ...
... In order to test how the reduction of sodium channels affects the size and shape of single action potentials, sodium currents and action potentials were elicited at various TTX concentrations. The recordings revealed that the sodium currents were more sensitive to TTX than the action potentials (Fig ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.