Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems ...
... in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems ...
Doubly stochastic processes: an approach for understanding central
... processes are a natural tool for understanding certain types of information processing in the central nervous system. Doubly stochastic processes themselves are not new and have been investigated in a mathematical context; however, they have not been widely applied in neuroscience. We begin by point ...
... processes are a natural tool for understanding certain types of information processing in the central nervous system. Doubly stochastic processes themselves are not new and have been investigated in a mathematical context; however, they have not been widely applied in neuroscience. We begin by point ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNA Expression in the Brain of the Teleost
... FROM S. KARGER AG, BASEL I nor and ANY Dragunow, McAllister et al., CONSENT 1999; SchinWritten permission to distribute the PDF will be granted against payment of a permission fee, wh der and Poo, 2000]. Because these are functions that are likely to be required by neurons recovering from injury, ne ...
... FROM S. KARGER AG, BASEL I nor and ANY Dragunow, McAllister et al., CONSENT 1999; SchinWritten permission to distribute the PDF will be granted against payment of a permission fee, wh der and Poo, 2000]. Because these are functions that are likely to be required by neurons recovering from injury, ne ...
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... initiate the asymmetric expression of the TGFb ligand Nodal to coordinate visceral and brain asymmetry (Bisgrove et al., 2003; Liang et al., 2000; McGrath and Brueckner, 2003). In C. elegans AWC asymmetry, calcium also plays a role (Fig. 2). Prior to their interaction, the two AWC olfactory neurons ...
... initiate the asymmetric expression of the TGFb ligand Nodal to coordinate visceral and brain asymmetry (Bisgrove et al., 2003; Liang et al., 2000; McGrath and Brueckner, 2003). In C. elegans AWC asymmetry, calcium also plays a role (Fig. 2). Prior to their interaction, the two AWC olfactory neurons ...
A18 - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... motor cortex does not need to specify which motoneurons to activate, it just sends signal (so number of cortex neurons can be greatly reduced!): – for minimal signal, only small motor units (with type I red muscle fibers) are activated and small force is generated; – if more force is required, cor ...
... motor cortex does not need to specify which motoneurons to activate, it just sends signal (so number of cortex neurons can be greatly reduced!): – for minimal signal, only small motor units (with type I red muscle fibers) are activated and small force is generated; – if more force is required, cor ...
May 2015
... haven’t heard from your local representative and would like to then please see the ASiT website for contact details of how to contact them. ...
... haven’t heard from your local representative and would like to then please see the ASiT website for contact details of how to contact them. ...
What in the brain tells us that this is pain - HAL
... To be considered specific for nociception, a cortical region should (a) have plausible connections with ascending nociceptive pathways; (b) be activated by noxious stimuli; (c) trigger nociceptive sensations if directly stimulated, and (d) tone down nociception when injured. In addition, lesions in ...
... To be considered specific for nociception, a cortical region should (a) have plausible connections with ascending nociceptive pathways; (b) be activated by noxious stimuli; (c) trigger nociceptive sensations if directly stimulated, and (d) tone down nociception when injured. In addition, lesions in ...
Papazian Lab Homepage Electrical excitability in the brain
... Lin, M.A., Abramson, J., and Papazian, D.M. (2009) Transfer of ion binding site from ether-à-go-go to Shaker: Mg2+ binds to resting state to modulate channel opening. Submitted for publication. Figueroa, K.P.*, Minassian, N.A.*, Stevanin G., Waters, M., Garibyan, V., Bürk, K., Brice, A., Dürr, A., ...
... Lin, M.A., Abramson, J., and Papazian, D.M. (2009) Transfer of ion binding site from ether-à-go-go to Shaker: Mg2+ binds to resting state to modulate channel opening. Submitted for publication. Figueroa, K.P.*, Minassian, N.A.*, Stevanin G., Waters, M., Garibyan, V., Bürk, K., Brice, A., Dürr, A., ...
The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders
... cortex, pre-motor cortex, and portions of the somatosensory dorsal parietal cortex); (ii) the dorsolateral portion of the postcommissural putamen and a small rim of the head of the caudate; and (iii) the lateral two-thirds of the globus pallidus (GPe and GPi) and a small portion of the substantia ni ...
... cortex, pre-motor cortex, and portions of the somatosensory dorsal parietal cortex); (ii) the dorsolateral portion of the postcommissural putamen and a small rim of the head of the caudate; and (iii) the lateral two-thirds of the globus pallidus (GPe and GPi) and a small portion of the substantia ni ...
Single-Unit Analysis of the Spinal Dorsal Horn in Patients With
... neuronal discharge. It can be interpreted as a normalized standard deviation. This quantity can be applied to the “random” category only, because in this case mean and standard deviation do not vary in time. Other qualitative properties of the neuronal discharge were characterized by the results of ...
... neuronal discharge. It can be interpreted as a normalized standard deviation. This quantity can be applied to the “random” category only, because in this case mean and standard deviation do not vary in time. Other qualitative properties of the neuronal discharge were characterized by the results of ...
Chapter 14 - MDC Faculty Home Pages
... ganglia, spinal cord gray horns, and brain gray matter – Each pathway is made of a chain of two or more neurons – Pathways are paired: there is a left and a right tract – Most pathways decussate: axons cross midline so brain processes information for contralateral side o Uncrossed pathways work on t ...
... ganglia, spinal cord gray horns, and brain gray matter – Each pathway is made of a chain of two or more neurons – Pathways are paired: there is a left and a right tract – Most pathways decussate: axons cross midline so brain processes information for contralateral side o Uncrossed pathways work on t ...
Neural circuits underlying the generation of theta oscillations
... In the behaving rat, hippocampal theta oscillations are accompanied by high cholinergic tone (Jasper and Tessier, 1971; Zhang et al., 2010). In order to tune the network state into theta regime, the hippocampal activity diverges from a resting state characterized by sharp-wave-ripple complexes (Csic ...
... In the behaving rat, hippocampal theta oscillations are accompanied by high cholinergic tone (Jasper and Tessier, 1971; Zhang et al., 2010). In order to tune the network state into theta regime, the hippocampal activity diverges from a resting state characterized by sharp-wave-ripple complexes (Csic ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... Electrolytic lesions were made by passing electrical current through the tip of the electrode and into ...
... Electrolytic lesions were made by passing electrical current through the tip of the electrode and into ...
amygdala projections to central amygdaloid nucleus subdivisions
... amygdala (CeN) is most known for its role in responses to fear stimuli. Recent evidence also shows that the CeN is required for directing attention and behaviors when the salience of competing stimuli is in flux. To examine how information flows through this key output region of the primate amygdala ...
... amygdala (CeN) is most known for its role in responses to fear stimuli. Recent evidence also shows that the CeN is required for directing attention and behaviors when the salience of competing stimuli is in flux. To examine how information flows through this key output region of the primate amygdala ...
Role of neurons and glia in the CNS actions of the renin
... research efforts, hypertension remains an epidemic health concern, leading often to the development of cardiovascular disease. It is well established that in many instances, the brain plays an important role in the onset and progression of hypertension via activation of the sympathetic nervous syste ...
... research efforts, hypertension remains an epidemic health concern, leading often to the development of cardiovascular disease. It is well established that in many instances, the brain plays an important role in the onset and progression of hypertension via activation of the sympathetic nervous syste ...
Chapter 35: Kandel - krigolson teaching
... Muscle spindles are small encapsulated sensory receptors that have a spindle-like or fusiform shape and are located within the fleshy part of a muscle. Their main function is to signal changes in the length of the muscle within which they reside. Changes in length of muscles are closely associated w ...
... Muscle spindles are small encapsulated sensory receptors that have a spindle-like or fusiform shape and are located within the fleshy part of a muscle. Their main function is to signal changes in the length of the muscle within which they reside. Changes in length of muscles are closely associated w ...
View/Open - eDiss - Georg-August
... units by sorting algorithms. Tungsten wires exhibited stable recordings with higher signal-to-noise ratio than copper wires. Due to the tight temporal coupling of auditory activity to the stimulus spike collisions were frequent and collision analysis retrieved 10–15% of additional spikes. Physiologi ...
... units by sorting algorithms. Tungsten wires exhibited stable recordings with higher signal-to-noise ratio than copper wires. Due to the tight temporal coupling of auditory activity to the stimulus spike collisions were frequent and collision analysis retrieved 10–15% of additional spikes. Physiologi ...
A Confocal Laser Microscopic Study of Enkephalin
... hypothesized to have a net inhibitory effect on nociceptive transmission at the level of the dorsal horn (Fields et al., 199 1). Oncells, in contrast, are inhibited by systemic morphine and are activated during periods of increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli, evidence that these neurons have ...
... hypothesized to have a net inhibitory effect on nociceptive transmission at the level of the dorsal horn (Fields et al., 199 1). Oncells, in contrast, are inhibited by systemic morphine and are activated during periods of increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli, evidence that these neurons have ...
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... the amount of contralateral gamma-band activityactuallycorrelateswiththeperceivedintensity of the phantom sound (37). Recently, research revealed that nonauditory brain areas are also involved in nonpulsatile tinnitus. In particular, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) seems to play a specific ...
... the amount of contralateral gamma-band activityactuallycorrelateswiththeperceivedintensity of the phantom sound (37). Recently, research revealed that nonauditory brain areas are also involved in nonpulsatile tinnitus. In particular, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) seems to play a specific ...
Whisker movements evoked by stimulation of single pyramidal cells
... Neuronal activity in the motor cortex is understood to be correlated with movements, but the impact of action potentials (APs) in single cortical neurons on the generation of movement has not been fully determined. Here we show that trains of APs in single pyramidal cells of rat motor cortex can evo ...
... Neuronal activity in the motor cortex is understood to be correlated with movements, but the impact of action potentials (APs) in single cortical neurons on the generation of movement has not been fully determined. Here we show that trains of APs in single pyramidal cells of rat motor cortex can evo ...
A neural theory of speech acquisition and production
... regions of superior temporal cortex (pathways not shown in Fig. 1). These pathways are generally omitted from current implementations of the DIVA model for simplicity, although they are necessary for a more complete description of speech acquisition and production. The inputs along these pathways ma ...
... regions of superior temporal cortex (pathways not shown in Fig. 1). These pathways are generally omitted from current implementations of the DIVA model for simplicity, although they are necessary for a more complete description of speech acquisition and production. The inputs along these pathways ma ...
Receptores Monoaminérgicos en Corteza Prefrontal: Mecanismo de Acción de Fármacos Antipsicóticos
... neurons, an effect prevented by the administration of clozapine. PCP also enhanced c-fos expression in the centromedial and mediodorsal (but not reticular) nuclei of the thalamus, suggesting the participation of enhanced thalamocortical excitatory inputs. These results shed new light on the involvem ...
... neurons, an effect prevented by the administration of clozapine. PCP also enhanced c-fos expression in the centromedial and mediodorsal (but not reticular) nuclei of the thalamus, suggesting the participation of enhanced thalamocortical excitatory inputs. These results shed new light on the involvem ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 16.1 Scanning electron micrograph of a
... FIGURE 16.2 Multiple guidance cues direct spinal cord commissural axons during neural development. (A) This original drawing by Cajal illustrates neuronal pathways in the developing chick spinal cord, showing several commissural axons extending to the ventral spinal cord and crossing the floor plate ...
... FIGURE 16.2 Multiple guidance cues direct spinal cord commissural axons during neural development. (A) This original drawing by Cajal illustrates neuronal pathways in the developing chick spinal cord, showing several commissural axons extending to the ventral spinal cord and crossing the floor plate ...
Descending Pathways in Motor Control
... major mammalian descending pathways. We now have advanced anatomical details for many of them, but the functional roles of each pathway and how they relate to these anatomical features are still unresolved. In particular, we lack evidence in the awake animal or human volunteer as to the nature of th ...
... major mammalian descending pathways. We now have advanced anatomical details for many of them, but the functional roles of each pathway and how they relate to these anatomical features are still unresolved. In particular, we lack evidence in the awake animal or human volunteer as to the nature of th ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.