(2007) The most superficial sublamina of rat superior colluculus
... penetration, the SC surface was localized with the microelectrode advancing through the overlying cortex and hippocampus in the following manner. As the electrode approached the SC, complex spikes of high amplitude characteristic of hippocampus activity were followed by complete silence over the nex ...
... penetration, the SC surface was localized with the microelectrode advancing through the overlying cortex and hippocampus in the following manner. As the electrode approached the SC, complex spikes of high amplitude characteristic of hippocampus activity were followed by complete silence over the nex ...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... et al., 2009). In ALS MNs bead like structures form along neurites. These bead like structures have heavy immunostaining for plasma phosphorylated neurafilament-H. Plasma phosphorylated neurafilament-H levels closely reflect disease progression in SOD1 (G93A) mice and are regarded as an ALS biomarke ...
... et al., 2009). In ALS MNs bead like structures form along neurites. These bead like structures have heavy immunostaining for plasma phosphorylated neurafilament-H. Plasma phosphorylated neurafilament-H levels closely reflect disease progression in SOD1 (G93A) mice and are regarded as an ALS biomarke ...
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... 2000) suggests that deficits in temporal processing are not speech specific and reflect a more general dysfunction in temporal processing. Temporal processing deficits associated with dyslexia are theorized to result from abnormal firing in the central auditory system (Tallal 1980; Ahissar et al. 2000; T ...
... 2000) suggests that deficits in temporal processing are not speech specific and reflect a more general dysfunction in temporal processing. Temporal processing deficits associated with dyslexia are theorized to result from abnormal firing in the central auditory system (Tallal 1980; Ahissar et al. 2000; T ...
Pain
... c) Chemical Pain Rs: respond to noxious chemical stimuli. d) Polymodal Pain Rs: respond to a combination of mechanical, thermal, and chemical noxious stimuli ...
... c) Chemical Pain Rs: respond to noxious chemical stimuli. d) Polymodal Pain Rs: respond to a combination of mechanical, thermal, and chemical noxious stimuli ...
Drosophila GABA, short neuropeptide F and their receptors
... and learning behavior [see (Davis, 1996)]. 1.2. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides Neurons are communicating with each other by chemical and occasionally electrical signalling. The chemical transmission is based on various types of substances such as neuropeptides or different kinds of neurotransmi ...
... and learning behavior [see (Davis, 1996)]. 1.2. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides Neurons are communicating with each other by chemical and occasionally electrical signalling. The chemical transmission is based on various types of substances such as neuropeptides or different kinds of neurotransmi ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... achieve bilateral transfections. The experimental status of the subject remained blind to the experimenters throughout data collection. Following data collection, each subject was perfused transcardially with 250 mL of 0.1 M phosphate-buffered (PB) solution with 0.02% heparin, followed by 500 mL of ...
... achieve bilateral transfections. The experimental status of the subject remained blind to the experimenters throughout data collection. Following data collection, each subject was perfused transcardially with 250 mL of 0.1 M phosphate-buffered (PB) solution with 0.02% heparin, followed by 500 mL of ...
mRNA at the Synapse - Journal of Neuroscience
... Figure 1. Electron micrographs of the MF-CA3 synapse. a, MF-CA3 synapse in stratum lucidum of hippocampal area CA3 (from Chicurel and Harris, 1992). b, MF-CA3 synaptosomal preparation. Arrows indicate ribosome clusters; arrowheads indicate PSDs. MF, MF boutons; D, dendritic spines; A, astrocyte proc ...
... Figure 1. Electron micrographs of the MF-CA3 synapse. a, MF-CA3 synapse in stratum lucidum of hippocampal area CA3 (from Chicurel and Harris, 1992). b, MF-CA3 synaptosomal preparation. Arrows indicate ribosome clusters; arrowheads indicate PSDs. MF, MF boutons; D, dendritic spines; A, astrocyte proc ...
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new
... cortex, to cerebellar relay sites, and to visceral relay and premotor nuclei. Anatomically individual reticular formation nuclei are relatively indistinct but collectively they form three longitudinal zones: lateral and medial zones bilaterally and unpaired raphe nuclei located along the midline (F ...
... cortex, to cerebellar relay sites, and to visceral relay and premotor nuclei. Anatomically individual reticular formation nuclei are relatively indistinct but collectively they form three longitudinal zones: lateral and medial zones bilaterally and unpaired raphe nuclei located along the midline (F ...
Stop-Signal Task - Gemstone Honors Program
... shown to reduce ADHD symptoms in patients (Weisler, 2005). The impact of Adderall® on neurotransmitters has been established through previous research; however, its impact on neural firing in relation to impulsivity is yet unexamined. Neural firing in a specific brain region during a task demonstrat ...
... shown to reduce ADHD symptoms in patients (Weisler, 2005). The impact of Adderall® on neurotransmitters has been established through previous research; however, its impact on neural firing in relation to impulsivity is yet unexamined. Neural firing in a specific brain region during a task demonstrat ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... expecting a low probability of a high reward of 30 pence and unexpectedly obtained a high reward value of 30 pence. On these trials, the TD prediction error from the EV part of the trial when the decision was being made and in the delay period after it was made to the RM or outcome part of the trial ...
... expecting a low probability of a high reward of 30 pence and unexpectedly obtained a high reward value of 30 pence. On these trials, the TD prediction error from the EV part of the trial when the decision was being made and in the delay period after it was made to the RM or outcome part of the trial ...
Auditory physiology chapter
... The electrical signals that are generated by the hair cells in the inner ear are carried by the auditory nerve to central auditory system, which consists of structures in the brain stem and auditory cortex. It is often said that the central auditory system is responsible for higher level functions o ...
... The electrical signals that are generated by the hair cells in the inner ear are carried by the auditory nerve to central auditory system, which consists of structures in the brain stem and auditory cortex. It is often said that the central auditory system is responsible for higher level functions o ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... ACh release from these synaptosomes starting within 1 min after NGF application. Anti-NGF antibodies blocked the NGFinduced rapid release of ACh. The rapid induction of ACh release cannot be readily explained by NGF’s known role of regulating the survival and function of BF cholinergic system as thi ...
... ACh release from these synaptosomes starting within 1 min after NGF application. Anti-NGF antibodies blocked the NGFinduced rapid release of ACh. The rapid induction of ACh release cannot be readily explained by NGF’s known role of regulating the survival and function of BF cholinergic system as thi ...
Lecture 6: Stochastic models of channels, synapses
... AMPA (Na, K) NMDA (Na, K, Ca) GABA receptors GABAA (ionotropic, Cl) GABAB (metabotropic, K) Ach receptors: nicotinic (ionotropic) muscarinic (metabotropic) ...
... AMPA (Na, K) NMDA (Na, K, Ca) GABA receptors GABAA (ionotropic, Cl) GABAB (metabotropic, K) Ach receptors: nicotinic (ionotropic) muscarinic (metabotropic) ...
Time Is Brain—Quantified
... Background and Purpose—The phrase “time is brain” emphasizes that human nervous tissue is rapidly lost as stroke progresses and emergent evaluation and therapy are required. Recent advances in quantitative neurostereology and stroke neuroimaging permit calculation of just how much brain is lost per ...
... Background and Purpose—The phrase “time is brain” emphasizes that human nervous tissue is rapidly lost as stroke progresses and emergent evaluation and therapy are required. Recent advances in quantitative neurostereology and stroke neuroimaging permit calculation of just how much brain is lost per ...
November 2008_Neural_Computing_Systems.SupervisedBackProp
... algorithm in the 1980’s to problems related to supervised learning, particularly pattern recognition. •The most useful example of the BP algorithm has been in dealing with problems related to prediction and control. ...
... algorithm in the 1980’s to problems related to supervised learning, particularly pattern recognition. •The most useful example of the BP algorithm has been in dealing with problems related to prediction and control. ...
The auditory cortex
... 1991). These examples demonstrate that what we call AC is not de®ned on the cortical level by some independent intrinsic factors, but rather by the pattern of input connections and type of sensory inputs provided by the thalamus. In addition, the functional speci®city of the various auditory cortica ...
... 1991). These examples demonstrate that what we call AC is not de®ned on the cortical level by some independent intrinsic factors, but rather by the pattern of input connections and type of sensory inputs provided by the thalamus. In addition, the functional speci®city of the various auditory cortica ...
aud
... The electrical signals that are generated by the hair cells in the inner ear are carried by the auditory nerve to central auditory system, which consists of structures in the brain stem and auditory cortex. It is often said that the central auditory system is responsible for higher level functions o ...
... The electrical signals that are generated by the hair cells in the inner ear are carried by the auditory nerve to central auditory system, which consists of structures in the brain stem and auditory cortex. It is often said that the central auditory system is responsible for higher level functions o ...
Skeletal System
... of the vertebral column, the lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots angle sharply downward and travel inferiorly before reaching their intervertebral foramina This collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal is called the cauda equina The arrangement reflects the fact that dur ...
... of the vertebral column, the lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots angle sharply downward and travel inferiorly before reaching their intervertebral foramina This collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal is called the cauda equina The arrangement reflects the fact that dur ...
Brain Research, 178 (1979) 363-380 363 © Elsevier/North
... the distribution of receptive field size was not random. There was a greater incidence of very large receptive fields in two regions. The first region was the most anterior part of IT (see Fig. 1C and D). Within this area 67 ~ of the 56 receptive fields were larger than 60 ° × 60 °. The second regio ...
... the distribution of receptive field size was not random. There was a greater incidence of very large receptive fields in two regions. The first region was the most anterior part of IT (see Fig. 1C and D). Within this area 67 ~ of the 56 receptive fields were larger than 60 ° × 60 °. The second regio ...
Alan Peters
... wife to work, so there was only my father's income to support the family. N o t t i n g h a m was basically an industrial town, and most of the neighbors worked in the lace trade, at Players tobacco factory, in the local coal mine, or at a factory t h a t made bicycles. Nevertheless, it was a friend ...
... wife to work, so there was only my father's income to support the family. N o t t i n g h a m was basically an industrial town, and most of the neighbors worked in the lace trade, at Players tobacco factory, in the local coal mine, or at a factory t h a t made bicycles. Nevertheless, it was a friend ...
Chapter 11 Fundamentals of Nervous System
... A brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude of 100 mV ...
... A brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude of 100 mV ...
ExamView - Unit 3 Practice Test.tst
... ____ 27. Twin studies suggest that a strong influence on emotional instability comes from a. genetic predispositions. b. the Y chromosome. c. natural selection. d. the X chromosome. e. mutation. ____ 28. The personalities of adopted children a. are very similar to the personalities of the other chil ...
... ____ 27. Twin studies suggest that a strong influence on emotional instability comes from a. genetic predispositions. b. the Y chromosome. c. natural selection. d. the X chromosome. e. mutation. ____ 28. The personalities of adopted children a. are very similar to the personalities of the other chil ...
Visual adaptation: Neural, psychological and computational aspects
... of processing adapt and how plasticity occurring early in the processing stream impacts downstream areas. In macaque IT cortex, for example, neuronal adaptation has been reported to show greater selectivity than the response of the corresponding neuron, suggesting that adaptation is occurring at or ...
... of processing adapt and how plasticity occurring early in the processing stream impacts downstream areas. In macaque IT cortex, for example, neuronal adaptation has been reported to show greater selectivity than the response of the corresponding neuron, suggesting that adaptation is occurring at or ...
pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus
... neurons in the spinal cord, where LABELLEDLINE THEORIES trace pain-specific processing through the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus11. Unfortunately, these connections have not been demonstrated experimentally, and their specificity to any part of the cingulate cortex has never been shown. This is beca ...
... neurons in the spinal cord, where LABELLEDLINE THEORIES trace pain-specific processing through the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus11. Unfortunately, these connections have not been demonstrated experimentally, and their specificity to any part of the cingulate cortex has never been shown. This is beca ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.